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Introduction Trace minerals are essential elements in the maintenance of life for man and animal. However, what is not well understood or appreciated is how absorption and retention of these minerals can affect animal and human wellbeing, psychological status, health, and performance. While required in small amounts, just milligrams per day, trace minerals play critical roles as catalytic, regulatory, and structural components in multiple enzyme and...
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Introduction
The protein is an essential nutrient for every animal diet. It is a source for growth, maintenance, immunity and production for all animals. Actually, every animal species have they own requirement for amino acids. The amino acids are classified as essential amino acids or nonessential amino acids. The essential amino acids are the one not synthetized in vivo and need to be supplier for the diet. There is another...
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Introduction Although bacteria are too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope, their abundance by mass has been estimated to be 1,166 times larger than the mass of all humans. All animals contain populations of bacteria on outer and inner body surfaces such as the skin and the gastrointestinal tract, with the gastrointestinal tract being by far the most densely populated. It has been estimated that cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens, ducks...
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INTRODUCTION Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are by-products obtained during production of biofuels as renewable energy sources. During starch fermentation from cereal grains, ethanol and CO 2 are produced; meanwhile, the remaining nutrients are concentrated in the DDGS fraction (Singh et al., 2005). Corn is the main cereal used in ethanol production in the United States; however, other grains such as wheat, barley, and sorghum are utilized in different...
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Introduction Achieving the best fertility is the only goal for successful running of any breeder operation. Advanced genetic selection in broiler breeding has led to tremendous improvements in progeny performance. Body weight gain achievement in modern broiler breeders is swifter than the past hence male management is a crucial aspect to obtain good quality and quantity of semen. Due to some unforeseen events if there is heavy mortality in males, maintaining the fertility...
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INTRODUCTION Phytase is commonly supplemented in laying hen diets to increase the bioavailability of P and Ca. Dietary phytase supplementation increases Ca and P digestibility (Beutler, 2009), egg production, BW, eggshell quality, and bone quality in egg-laying hens (Hughes et al., 2009; Pelicia et al., 2009) and increases blood myo-inositol concentration in broilers (Sommerfeld et al., 2018). The effects of phytase in diets reduced in available P (avP) and Ca on laying...
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Introduction Antimicrobial additives have been used since the 1950s and are an important alternative to allow adequate productivity for animals raised under increasingly intensive conditions. As a consequence of the widespread use and results of AGP in livestock production, there is interest in the study of these additives by meet industry and the academic community. A total of 68.200 publications are presented as results when using the words “broiler” and...
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1. Introduction Phytogenic feed additives (PFA) are the plant derived products used to improve performance of livestock and poultry (Windisch et al., 2008; Jacela et al., 2010). The PFA comprise of a wide variety of herbs, spices and products derived thereof and are mainly essential oils. This class of feed additives is at present used to a great extent as alternatives to the antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in poultry and swine nutrition. Obviously, the ban imposed on the...
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INTRODUCTION Disease control, high production, product quality, and reasonable production costs have been the recent main goals of the poultry industry. Hence, meeting per capita consumption and welfare to humans necessitates continuous efficient and goal-oriented healthcare to control disease spread and decrease the application of antibiotics (1). These endeavors will include the launch of programs to control infectious diseases, face the constant changes in political and...
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Introduction In late years, genetic studies on broiler chickens for selection of traits such as high growth rate and larger size of the body shows there is a negative correlation between reproductive traits and increasing yield. So that's in the roosters, physiological disorders like decreased libido, decreased mating numbers and reduced sperm production have increased (Dawkins and Layton, 2012). In addition to the strong negative genetic correlation between productive and...
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1. Introduction Salmonella is one of the leading causes of foodborne outbreaks in the United States, responsible for approximately 1 million cases each year [1]. Poultry and poultry products have been implicated as a major source of Salmonella infection in humans [2]. Due to public health concerns, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) mandated that meat-processing plants implement Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) program and meet USDA...
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Bacterium Avibacterium paragallinarum is the causative agent of infectious coryza. This is an acute respiratory disease of economic significance in poultry and leads to a decrease in egg production and failure or retardation of egg laying [1]. Serological classification of A. paragallinarum is based on the presence of specific hemagglutinins (HAs). A. paragallinarum strains/isolates are traditionally serotyped by means of 2 schemes: the Page scheme, which...
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1. Introduction The modern broiler chickens are always vulnerable to impaired nutrient digestion, dysbacteriosis, cocci challenges, and exposure to Clostridium perfringens resulting in poor gut health and production performance. Previously, endogenous proteases were deemed to be sufficient for feed protein digestion [1, 2] despite the possibility of a considerable amount of undigested dietary protein reaching the hind gut [3-6]. Apajalahti and Vienola [7] are of the opinion that...
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Introduction Modern layer hybrids are a four-line-cross with a long breeding history and show a very high production potential in different housing systems all around the world. This proofs for white egg producing lines and for brown egg producing hens as well. Due to ongoing genetic work the egg industry and farmers realise steadily increasing persistency and longer liability under all housing conditions. The higher performance has been achieved by an increased efficiency too,...
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I. INTRODUCTION Crude protein-reduced broiler diets have the potential to provide tangible advantages in respect of economics, bird welfare, flock health and the environment. Moderate reductions in dietary crude protein (CP) levels can be achieved without compromising broiler performance when coupled with judicious synthetic amino acid inclusions. However, there appears to be a threshold where further CP reductions negatively influence performance, especially FCR and this is...
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I. INTRODUCTION The withdrawal of antibiotics has caused an increased prevalence of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens, making it the most common disease in the poultry-industry globally. Direct fed microbials (DFMs) have been shown to have great potential as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Bacillus amyloliquefaciens produces several extracellular enzymes including cellulase, hemicellulose, amylase, xylanase and proteases. Its application has been...
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For the last three decades poultry production worldwide has made tremendous progress in terms of quantity and quality of meat and egg production, including improvement of growth rate and feed conversion rate. However, it has been proven that commercial poultry production is associated with a range of stresses including environmental, technological, nutritional, and internal/biological [1,2]. Indeed, it is practically impossible to avoid stresses, so therefore overproduction of free radicals...
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INTRODUCTION The continued use of antibiotics in feed has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic organisms, which is a major concern in the poultry industry (Diarra et al., 2007; Garcia-Migura et al., 2014; Roth et al., 2019). Therefore, the use of in-feed antibiotics has been reduced, and the identification of alternative strategies to antibiotics has become a primary research focus. Comparisons of alternatives to antibiotics on gastrointestinal health, shown...
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Water is a critical but often overlooked nutrient. Animals can survive longer without food than they can without water. Water is involved in every aspect of animal metabolism. It plays an important role in the regulation of body temperature, digesting food, and eliminating wastes. At normal temperatures, water consumption can double or quadruple. To remain healthy, poultry flocks require water of adequate quality and quantity.
Color, Taste, and...
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No common feedstuff is 100% digested. In practice, 10-15% are excreted in faeces without bringing any means to bird requirement and in addition cause potential anti-nutritional effects. Thus, there is no doubt poultry benefits the most from use of exogenous enzymes and is becoming a...
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