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by Sam Shafer
Disinfecting vehicle surfaces appears to help control viral spread
In 2016 and 2017, duck farmers in France faced the grim reality of having to depopulate their flocks due to avian influenza outbreaks. A study conducted at the time showed that the trucks and crates used for bird transport during this disease-control effort were often not decontaminated correctly.
In 2020 and 2021 came another wave of...
by Sam Shafer
Higher stocking density linked to lower body weight and weight gain, but is total antioxidant capacity the culprit?
Poultry scientists have found that a goose’s performance is closely tied to their housing conditions. But while there are several studies linking high stocking density to health problems in geese, research is lacking when it comes to the actual physiological drivers behind...
Introduction The impressive genetic improvement of poultry growth rate has led to a modern bird with a very low feed conversion rate (FCR), high average daily gain (ADG) and low mortality. Unfortunately, this fast growth rate is often directly linked with digestive problems, such as bacterial enteritis (BE) or dysbacteriosis and even necrotic enteritis (NE). These intestinal health problems have significantly increased since the ban on meat and bone meal and the ban of...
The Problem Gut and oviduct microbiota are closely related, especially because of the common connection with the cloaca. In this condition, modulating the gut microbiota with multi-strain probiotic supplementation may change the oviduct tract microbiota. How we investigated or researched the problem Hyline W36 laying hens housed in commercial aviaries were evaluated. Control animals were fed the farm’s conventional diet. The 2nd treatment received the...
INTRODUCTION Due to the price volatility of conventional feed ingredients, there is an ever-growing need to include relatively inexpensive alternatives such as fats in the diets. Such an approach might relatively reduce feed costs and simultaneously increase the energy density of the diets to meet the requirements of the modern fast-growing broilers. Fats are known to be a concentrated energy source, with at least twice as much energy as carbohydrates and proteins [1]. Alongside...
1. Introduction In Pakistan, the poultry production sector in the form of eggs and meat is playing a pivotal role in bridging the gap between the supply and demand of animal protein. Presently this sector is producing 1681.64 metric tonnes of meat and 16,797 million eggs and these figures are in a constant increase [1]. Previously, egg production was limited to the backyard poultry, where desi hens having little potential for this very economical trait were used. The addition of...
Introduction Coccidiosis is the most common parasitic disease caused by Eimeria spp., leading to over $14 billion economic loss worldwide annually (Blake et al., 2020). The most prevalent Eimeria spp. in poultry include E. tenella, E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. necatrix, E. praecox, and E. mitis and have different level of pathogenicity and specific infection sites in the intestine (Cervantes et al., 2020). Eimeria spp. invade intestinal epithelial tissues and induce...
Overview Renewed interest, especially in the United States, has sparked in assessing branched-chain amino acid interactions in practical diets for broilers. Indeed, as L-valine enters formulation bird nitrogen excesses are reduced as diet protein falls to the new first limiting amino acid (e.g., isoleucine, arginine, or tryptophan). For a United States based example, the result is less oilseeds and more gains, which typically result in increased inclusions in corn or corn...
Introduction The poultry industry has dominated the dynamic livestock sector in Latin America during the last decades, doubling production in the last 20 years (Williams and Anderson, 2019). In the future, poultry production in the region is expected to grow at almost twice the annual global rate: 2.5% and 4.0%, respectively. The rapid expansion of the industry has been fueled by the growing consumer demand for chicken meat and eggs, given its price competitiveness and culinary...
Overview Corn is the most common feed ingredient used in poultry nutrition. Maize contributes with up to 65% of the metabolizable energy and 20% of crude protein in poultry diets (Gehring et al., 2013; Dei, 2017). Its average nutritional value is well-known, but it is accepted that the variability in its composition and energy value is a very common issue with great impact on poultry performance and health (Cowieson, 2005; Gehring et al., 2013; Latham et al., 2016;...
INTRODUCTION Large variations exist in the literature on the recommended Ca and P dietary requirement for laying hens 1 . The Ca requirement was reduced from a previous suggested intake of 3.75 2 to 3.25 g h −1 day −1 by NRC 3 after decades of consistently increasing the Ca intake requirement. The available P or non-phytate P (NPP) requirement for commercial layers was also reduced to 250 mg h −1 ...
INTRODUCTION Globally, corn becomes a major ingredient for animal feed either as whole grain or by-product from corn milling industries. There is several corn co-products derived from wet or dry corn milling industries (Tangendjaja & Wina, 2007) and at least 2 co-products commercially available in Indonesia for poultry feed, namely corn gluten meal (CGM) and dried distillers grains and soluble (DDGS). CGM is a co-product obtained during wet milling process to produce maize...
Introduction Coccidiosis caused by the apicomplexan protozoan of genus Eimeria (E) is a common and costly diseases associated with poultry production across the world. 1,2 There are several species of chicken coccidia, i.e., E. maxima, E. mitis, E. necatrix, E. praecox E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. hagani, E. mivati and E. brunetti. Among the listed species, E. maxima, E. tenella, and E. acervulina are the most common species. 3-5 The spread of the disease is...
Carbohydrate (CHO) is the main energy source in the chicken diet for body maintenance and production. Ingested diet is digested and absorbed in the small intestine. The small intestine structure performs an important role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients [15], and nutritional manipulation can alter this function [26]. Several studies have reported that different dietary CHO sources such as fructo-oligosaccharide [19] and mannan-oligosaccharide [8], induce higher villus height and...
Introduction An increasing global population and food security needs have imposed a great pressure on poultry and livestock sectors to increase their production utilizing limited resources (1).Consequently, sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics are being used widely in poultry as animal growth promoters and for prophylaxis (2). This is particularly true in low and middle income countries where poultry industries are playing an important role in their national economy...
1. Introduction Methionine (MET), a sulfur containing amino acid, is considered an essential amino acid in poultry because poultry cannot naturally synthesize sufficient amounts to sustain normal body functions [1]. MET is required for buildup of the immune system and improvement of live performance, i.e., feed efficiency, muscle development and better yield [2]. Supplemental MET in broiler diets have been shown to improve body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), feed conversion...
1. Introduction Coccidiosis is a worldwide disease caused by the Apicomplexa protozoa of Genus Eimeria [1]. This parasitic disease causes economic losses in poultry industry due to malabsorption, reduced weight gain (explained by a reduced feed intake and as well as nutrient absorption), increased mortality and the use of anticoccidial drugs and vaccines [2, 3] and remains as a major issue for poultry producers in a large number of countries including USA [4], costing for the...
Introduction An essential component of the overall health and well-being of the broiler chicken is ensuring that mineral nutrition, in all its facets, is adequate. As growth rates increase and production systems intensify, mineral nutrition will become more critical. Most minerals in the bird occur in the skeleton, so skeletal integrity is perhaps the critical issue. However, minerals play a role in all aspects of metabolism, both as cofactors of enzymes and controlling free...