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I. INTRODUCTION With ongoing genetic selection for improved persistency of lay and feed efficiency (FE) in laying hens, the egg industry is pursuing the opportunity to extend layer hen lifespan until they are 100 weeks of age (WOA), with an aim for each hen to produce up to 500 eggs. This presents some challenges for the hen as during this longer laying cycle she will be producing more than 31 kg of egg product (Muir et al., 2022c) and using approximately 1 kg of calcium (Ca) to...
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I. INTRODUCTION Feeding the world’s projected burgeoning human population increase of 2.2 billion people by 2050 will place tremendous pressure on food security. The poultry industry is innovative and well positioned to address this problem through increased efficiency and waste reduction. Globally, 32% (by weight) of produced food − equivalent to 1.3 billion tons − is lost or wasted every year. Conversion of food waste into raw materials for production of poultry...
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I. INTRODUCTION In Australia, the cost of tallow and vegetable oil has more than doubled over the past two years (www.finvis.com), prompting broiler nutritionists to re-evaluate dietary energy content for meat-type chickens. Globally, a wide range of lipids with diverse chemical composition, are routinely included in poultry feed including soapstocks or acid oil, crude vegetable oil, hydrogenated material, recycled vegetable oil, restaurant grease, animal tallows and even products...
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I. INTRODUCTION The welfare of all farmed livestock is of importance to the consuming public. Australian consumers especially have some concerns about welfare within more intensive animal production systems, such as commercial egg farms (Rachel et al., 2017). Most consider cage-free and free-range production systems to be more `natural` and associate this with `good` animal welfare (Buddle et al., 2021). Commercial egg farms experiencing smothering and mortality events as a result of...
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I. INTRODUCTION The quality of poultry feed and litter are important for maintaining and improving poultry production. Poultry feed (raw materials and formulated diet) is highly variable and large safety margins are needed to buffer the nutritional variability in feed ingredients when formulating diets (Moss et al., 2021). Feed ingredients delivered to feed mills are not comprehensively analysed using current methods (i.e., wet-chemistry and NIR). This is because the large quantities...
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I. INTRODUCTION Determination of range usage by hens can be difficult for researchers and free-range egg farmers, particularly usage on the outer sections of the range (i.e., > 50 m from the hen shed). Live counts only give a snapshot of numbers of hens on the range at a defined time point and do not show the frequency of range usage. Camera traps, also referred to as trail cameras and wildlife cameras, are relatively cheap and useful tools that could produce valuable information...
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I. INTRODUCTION Modern broilers grow quickly because they have tremendous genetic potential due to intensive selection for increased growth rate and efficiency (Zuidhof et al., 2014). The parents, broiler breeders, carry this genetic potential and when fed ad libitum, easily become overweight (Heck et al., 2004), compromising reproductive performance (Renema and Robinson, 2004; Chen et al., 2006) and reducing welfare (Mench, 2002). Thus, broiler breeder hens are typically feed...
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I. INTRODUCTION Phytase is commonly used in broiler diets at a typical dose level of 1000 FTU/kg feed to increase the P availability from phytate and reduce the need for inorganic phosphate inclusion. Increasing the phytase dose above this level is expected to further reduce the need to add inorganic phosphate and further reduce P excretion. In addition, if a phytase can break down phytate quickly and completely in the upper gastrointestinal tract, it will mitigate the...
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I. INTRODUCTION Calcium (Ca) is an important nutrient for skeletal development, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, acid-base balance, and a cofactor for blood clotting and endogenous enzymes. Due to the involvement of Ca in numerous functions in the body, accurate supply of dietary Ca is essential for optimal growth, feed efficiency and nutrient utilisation. Oversupply of dietary Ca or an imbalance between dietary Ca and phosphorus (P) has been linked to significant reductions in...
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I. INTRODUCTION Calcium (Ca) is a dietary essential mineral for poultry and the requirements for poultry have been investigated extensively for more than 75 years (Driver et al., 2005). Calcium is the most prevalent mineral in the body and is important for many physiological processes such as enzyme activation, intracellular signalling, acid base balance, eggshell formation and bone mineralisation (Li et al., 2017). Almost 99% of Ca is stored in the skeleton as hydroxyapatite...
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Guanidinoacetic Acid (GAA): Boosting Broiler Growth and Feed Efficiency
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I. INTRODUCTION Calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) are two essential minerals for the skeletal growth and other biological functions in poultry. Maintaining an appropriate balance between Ca and P is necessary as these minerals are closely associated in their absorption and post absorptive utilisation. Because of the recent works on the measurement of digestible Ca in feed ingredients, initiative has been taken to determine the standardised ileal digestible (SID) Ca and SID P...
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I. INTRODUCTION To ensure productivity of poultry farming, the intestinal health of chickens, among other factors, must be considered to achieve maximum nutrient absorption and utilisation for the animals to develop properly (Oleforuh-Okoleh et al., 2015). Nonetheless, with the reduction or ban of the use of performance-enhancing antimicrobials on a worldwide basis, the quest for products able to modulate the intestinal microbiota of birds has intensified. Enzymes, organic acids,...
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I. INTRODUCTION Stephen Jay Gould famously introduced the term ‘non-overlapping magisteria’ in a Natural History article in March 1997, to describe the separation between scientific and religious lines of enquiry (Gould, 1997). From a broiler nutrition perspective, it would be accurate to represent digestible amino acid and metabolisable energy research, and digestible P and Ca research, using the same vocabulary. Despite these distinct research domains, considerable...
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I. INTRODUCTION Mannan is a plant based-NSP derived from polymerisation of mannose sugars, it is categorised as galactomannan or glucomannan based on the presence of galactose and glucose side chains (Aspinall, 1973). Generally, galactomannan is the dominant form in legumes (Sundu et al., 2012). The ratio between mannose to galactose dictates the water solubility of galactomannan where galactose has a strong capacity to bind water and increase gut viscosity. The β-mannan in...
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Deoxynivalenol (DON; vomitoxin) is a trichothecene mycotoxin that is produced by Fusarium graminearum and is prevalently found in grains such as wheat, corn, barley and their by-products. DON mainly affects the health of monogastric animals, particularly pigs and poultry, through contaminated feedstuffs. Animal study ...
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I. BACKGROUND The scale of the Australian chicken-meat industry has increased at an extraordinarily rapid rate so that now chicken-meat is clearly the first preference of consumers in comparison to pork, beef and lamb. In 1990/91, the Australian population was 17.2 million with a per capita chicken-meat consumption of 23.9 kg; however, this increased by 61.0% to 27.7 million people and consumption increased by 100% to 47.8 kg over the 30 years to 2020/21. As a direct consequence, the...
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I. INTRODUCTION The term ‘amino acid imbalances’ was probably originated by Elvehjem and Krehl (1955) and the topic was addressed by Harper and Rogers (1965). Their conclusion was that imbalances retard growth by altering the normal pathways of amino acid metabolism. Thus, while the relevance of amino acid imbalances to efficient chicken-meat production is recognised, a precise definition has yet to be developed (Kurpad, 2018). Antagonisms between arginine and lysine...
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Coccidiosis is a disease caused by Eimeria spp. and causes a negative economic impact on the poultry industry, inducing global losses over 2.4 billion dollars annually (1). Specific Eimeria spp. identified in poultry includes E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. mitis, E. tenella, E. mivatti, and E. hagani (2). Eimeria spp. colonize in the intestine from duodenum to ceca, leading to inflammation, hemorrhaging, and diarrhea. Damaged intestine caused by...
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INTRODUCTION It is essential to maximize poultry production to meet the increasing demand for animal protein due to the increase in global human population (Tona, 2018). One of the major determinants of successful poultry production is the ability to combat environmental stress challenges in broiler chickens. Stress occurs as a result of a biological response to an internal or external stimulus that poses threats to the normal physiological equilibrium of an organism (Elitok,...
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INTRODUCTION Since the use of antibiotic growth promoters was banned by the EU on January 1st, 2006, several feed additives have been studied as alternatives to antibiotics, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and herbal medicines (1). Among these feed additives, prebiotics have been studied and supplemented broadly into broiler diets in recent years. Gibson and Roberfroid (2) defined a prebiotic compound as a non-digestible food ingredient utilized by intestinal microbiota....
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