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Enzymes in poultry nutrition
Enzymes are proteins involved in all anabolic and catabolic pathways of digestion and metabolism. Digestive enzymes are categorised as endogenous or exogenous. Endogenous enzymes are produced by the animal and exogenous enzymes are administered from outside. Enzyme supplementation decreases nutrient loss through excreta, reduces diets nutritional levels, improves nutrient availability; thus, enhances production efficiency and profitability. In addition, exogenous enzymes hydrolyse non-starch polysaccharides, increase the usage of feed energy, reduce negative impacts of non-digestive residues on digesta viscosity, and improve gut microbial ecosystem. Cellulase, glucanase, pectinase, xylanase, galactisidases, phytase, non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzymes, amylase, lipase, cellulase, and protease are the most common enzymes used in poultry feed.
Litter management is a cornerstone of sustainable poultry production, directly impacting bird health, environmental safety, and community acceptance. Among the many challenges faced by poultry producers, fly infestation and persistent odour remain the most difficult to control....
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Mohammad Afrouziyeh (University of Alberta) discusses Least Cost Feed formulation and Maximum Profit Feed formulation models, as well as the application of mathematical Linear Programming and Non Linear Programming models that are used in animal nutrition....
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The use of feed enzymes in monogastric nutrition has been a cornerstone of feed efficiency and environmental management for decades. However, a recent analysis suggests that the industry's long-held "scientific dogma" may be limiting the full potential of these additives. In an article on AB Vista's website titled "Enzymes through the ages: rethinking their use in animal nutrition," Mike Bedford (AB Vista) argues that the industry's focus on simple, measurable outcomes has created a...
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The use of barley in broiler diets is limited because of the presence of β-glucans, which negatively influence nutrient utilisation and bird performance. These negative effects may be partly overcome by exogenous carbohydrases containing β-glucanases. In the current study, the influence of a multi-component carbohydrase (Ronozyme multigrain, DSM Nutritional Products, Singapore) on nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn; assay 1), and, apparent ileal digestibility...
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Gastrointestinal (GI) passage rate of feed influences nutrient digestibility and absorption, as it dictates the amount of time the digesta are exposed to digestive enzymes, the intestinal villi and microbial fermentation (Vergara et al. 1989; Svihus 2010). The titanium dioxide (TO 2 ) marker technique is currently widely practiced for evaluation of GI passage rate. However, this method requires euthanising the bird to obtain digesta samples, which has negative implications from an...
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I. INTRODUCTION Protease enzymes can improve the dietary protein utilization. Therefore, it is possible to decrease the level of dietary protein to save on feed cost while maintaining performance, reduce nitrogen excretion in the environment, and minimize the risk of enteric infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a protease on performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens fed a standard diet or a low-density diet. II. MATERIALS AND...
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I. INTRODUCTION Microbial enzymes are now routinely used in broiler chicken diets to reduce the effects of antinutritive factors (ANF) in feed and/or improve the digestion of nutrients (Bedford, 2011). There is a suite of enzymes that target ANF such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and phytic acid as well as products which improve the digestion of nutrients such as protein and minerals. The major cereals used in poultry diets are wheat, maize, sorghum and barley. The objective of...
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With approximately 30.2-56% crude protein (CP), cottonseed meal (CSM) is regarded as one of the closest alternative protein sources to soybean meal (SBM). It is used at relatively low levels to replace soybean meal in diets for broiler chickens (Swiatkiewicz et al., 2016). While its value at such low levels has been well established, the potential for using CSM at higher levels when fed as such or supplemented with microbial enzymes is not well understood. Similarly, there have been...
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It has been demonstrated that the phosphorus (P) requirements of modern broilers are significantly lower than historical industry practice (Li et al., 2017). However, it is also apparent from these studies that the P requirement is dependent on the dietary calcium (Ca) concentration and whether the diet is supplemented with phytase. Most of the contemporary research has been conducted in the starter phase, but this feeding trial has been conducted in the finisher phase (days 22- 49) to...
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1. Introduction Enzymes have been developed as feed additives to improve the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The first phytase products entered the market in 1991 and have since been used extensively in monogastrics. Supplementation with exogenous phytases in cereal vegetable-based diets has been shown to improve monogastric animal production and can also contribute to breaking down phytates. This reduces phosphorus contamination and improves the utilization of phytic...
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Cottonseed meal (CSM) is a by-product of oil extraction from cotton seeds and is a moderately rich source of protein (30.2-56 %). A recent review concluded that CSM is an acceptable ingredient in poultry diets (Świątkiewicz et al., 2016). However, the use of CSM as a protein source in poultry diets is limited due to the presence of gossypol, variation in nutrient composition and a relatively low lysine level compared to soybean meal, all of which have negative effects on the growth...
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1 Introduction The rising number of recently reported human illnesses with bacterial infections resistant to multiple antibacterial agents has become a fundamental concern in recent years [1, 2]. This phenomenon has become a serious concern with regard to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria called “superbugs” [3, 4], especially when considering that humans only started using antibiotics in the past century with Sir Alexander Fleming’s discovery of...
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Advanced Bio-Agro Tech Ltd. (ABTL) and the Agharkar Research Institute of the Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science (Department of Science & Technology, Government of India) have entered into a strategic research agreement.
This pioneering initiative will...
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It has been shown that an ileal digestible phosphorus (IDP) value of 2.0 g/kg can support optimum bird performance (Li et al., 2017). However, the relationship of this value to dietary Ca concentration and phytase supplementation is still unclear. The aim of this study was to further clarify these interrelationships. Four hundred, day old, Ross, male broiler chicks were fed experimental diets based on wheat, sorghum, canola meal, soybean meal and meat and bone meal. The diets contained...
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APIs and Vitamin MARKET - The weak demand for the APIs
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I. INTRODUCTION Exogenous feed enzymes were first introduced as commercially-relevant feed additives in the 1980s with an initial focus on reduction of the antinutritional effects of high molecular weight soluble pentosans in wheat- and barley-based diets for young broiler chickens (Bedford & Partridge, 2010). Exogenous phytase was launched in the early 1990s to increase the digestibility of organic phosphorus and to reduce the antinutritional effects of phytic acid (Selle &...
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Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a valuable source of protein, calcium and available phosphorus for broiler diets (Anwar et al., 2016). The use of MBM in broiler diets at levels above 50 g/kg minimizes the need for inclusion of inorganic P, thus reducing feed cost. Potential indigestibility of protein in MBM (Kim et al., 2012) may act as a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis (NE). Increased production of nitrogenous bacterial metabolites including amines and ammonia in the hindgut may...
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I. INTRODUCTION Bacillus-based probiotics have gained increased attention as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) to support broiler performance in systems aiming to reduce the use of antibiotics and maintain gut health and function. Combatting poor gut health and disease susceptibility in an era without antibiotics has been made increasingly difficult due to the increasing cost of commercial feed ingredients. This has forced some producers to use cheaper dietary...
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I. INTRODUCTION Xylans and cellulose are the predominant fibre-polysaccharides in animal feeds, and xylanases, together with phytases, are the most widely used supplemental microbial enzymes in feeds. Proteinaceous xylanase inhibitors (XI), primarily attributed to three types, Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (TAXI), xylanase inhibiting protein (XIP) and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitors (TLXI), are found in a wide range of plant feedstuffs, particularly cereals grains such as...
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Challenges in poultry nutrition Today, commercial poultry nutrition no longer encompasses just the ‘pure’ delivery of the nutrients needed by the animals for their preservation, growth and health. It must also be flexible in adapting to changing statutory regulations and keeping up with increasing consumer demands – beginning with eliminating feed of animal origin by using carefully selected raw materials, reducing the use of drugs such as antibiotics, ensuring...
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Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain fungi that contaminate crops and animal feed under specific conditions. These toxins, such as aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxin A, pose serious health risks to animals and humans. Among their many effects, some mycotoxins directly impair the immune system, causing...
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