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I. INTRODUCTION Feed efficiency (FE) is an important production trait in poultry. A commonly used measure of efficiency is feed conversion ratio (FCR), which is defined as feed intake (FI) per unit of egg mass (EM) in laying hens. It is widely recognised that behaviour is an important aspect of the physiological status of animals (Pennisi, 2005). Feeding behaviour may reflect animal meal habit as a potential predictor of FE (Schwartzkopf-Genswein, 2002). With the help of...
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I. INTRODUCTION Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an important respiratory disease of chickens caused by ILT virus (ILTV, Gallid herpesvirus 1) that infects the upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva resulting in high morbidity and sometimes mortality (García et al., 2013). Vaccination with live attenuated vaccines administered by eye drop is generally effective: however for commercial meat chickens mass vaccination in drinking water via nipple drinkers is generally...
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Evaluation of methionine sources on performance and carcass traits of broilers at different dietary sulfur amino acid levels under northern European and middle Eastern conditions
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Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an ongoing problem in meat chickens in important production areas of Australia. In response to outbreaks, live vaccines are typically administered at 7-14 days of age in drinking water via nipple drinkers which may not provide optimal contact with susceptible tissues. The efficacy of vaccination is not routinely assessed. As part of a series of experiments investigating the kinetics of ILT virus (ILTV) in meat chickens after water vaccination via nipple...
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I. INTRODUCTION Salmonella serovars can invade the host by inducing their own uptake into intestinal epithelial cells. This uptake is induced by virulence proteins delivered into cytoplasm of infected cells by a specialized mechanism known as type III protein secretion system (TTSS) (Bertelsen et al., 2003). These proteins activate signaling pathways involved in cytoskeleton rearrangements and cellular uptake processes (Galán and Zhou, 2000). Besides facilitating...
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Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with an experimental direct-fed microbial in the presence of a moderate Clostridium perfringens challenge in a 42-day floor pen trial
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I. INTRODUCTION Field success of mass ILT vaccination in young meat chickens is often accompanied by reports of vaccine reactions, often rolling through the flock for some time, and even apparent vaccination failure with wild strain outbreaks in vaccinated flocks. This is in spite of laboratory challenge studies often describing good protection of vaccines against an artificial challenge with the field outbreak strain (Arzey and Arzey, 1993). Laboratory studies (Rodrigues-Avila...
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Poor leg health in Australian fast growing meat chickens is a major welfare issue, resultant from long-term genetic selection for bird size and growth rate (Bessei 2006). Anecdotal evidence and preliminary data suggest perches may have the potential to improve leg health, decreasing the prevalence of associated leg disorders and lameness (Groves and Muir 2013). The following study sought to assess the potential role of perches in improving leg health in the context of Australia’s fast...
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I. INTRODUCTION A number of factors including the global population growth, shift towards high protein diets, finite land availability for crop production, climate uncertainties, increase in fossil fuel prices and diversion of feed ingredients, especially of cereals, to biofuel manufacture presents challenges to the global feed supply. This is a major threat for sustainable poultry production, in both the developing nations, as they move towards animal protein food regimen due...
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Phasing out of in-feed antibiotics in the poultry industry has caused necrotic enteritis (NE) to become a primary concern in commercial poultry production in many countries. Damage to the intestinal mucosa caused by this disease leads to impaired broiler productivity. To gain a better understanding of the impact of NE on transcriptome changes, a whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on jejunal RNA of challenged broilers to identify the pathways affected by this...
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Evonik's animal feed solutions based on low-protein, amino acid enriched diets make animal husbandry more efficient and help save resources. With a growing global population and rising affluence in many regions, the appetite for meat is picking...
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I. INTRODUCTION
One of the most sustainable types of production of animal protein is chicken meat production. Chicken production needs less feed consumption per kilogram of produced meat and uses less land and water for both farming and feed production. The major reason for this is the continuous improvement of animal performance, reflected in an ever decreasing feed conversion (kg feed consumed per kg body weight) and reduced time to achieve market...
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I. INTRODUCTION Forecasting is fraught with difficulties associated with poor data and unknown unknowns. Fortunately, in the case of laying hens, this is not true. We have an excellent history of how our birds have improved over the past decade (Table 1), and a fair idea of what can be expected in future breeding programmes used by the primary breeding companies. Our understanding is that the requirements for energy and protein per unit of output have remained unchanged and that...
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I. INTRODUCTION Right now, there are two different models of production in the world and they are based on the income of the people. We have 7% of the population that lives on more than US$50 per day (Pew Research Centre, 2015) and the percentage of food expenses is a minimal part of their income. These rich countries are moving towards production where cages are banned and the birds need to be provided with space outside of the barn. However, 71% of the world population lives...
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Supplementing poultry diets with xylanase partially depolymerizes the xylans present in the dietary cereals, reducing the number of sugars in the molecular chains. The resulting oligosaccharides can be selectively fermented by beneficial intestinal bacteria, resulting in improved nutrient utilization (De Maesschalck et al., 2015). The study aim was to investigate the production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) in different batches of Australian wheat, in the presence or absence of xylanase....
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I. INTRODUCTION As we learn more about the negative impacts of calcium (Ca) on the availability of phosphorus (P) in broiler diets, it highlights how little we know about Ca requirements, digestibility of Ca in ingredients and optimal Ca to P ratios. The interactions through which Ca exerts some of its negative effects can be direct or through chelation’s with phytate and the latter having a profound impact on the efficacy of phytase and on P digestibility....
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I. INTRODUCTION Antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) have been extensively used at sub-therapeutic levels in poultry production to prevent diseases and promote growth performance. However, the persistent use of antibiotics can increase antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic residue accumulation in the animal products as well as potentially transferring resistant strains to humans through the food chain (Jazi et al., 2018a). Consequently, the poultry industry has been...
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Supplemental xylanase may be used in diet formulation to reduce diet cost, mitigate the antinutritive effects of arabinoxylans, increase energy utilization, and improve growth performance of broilers. Xylanase has been shown to partially depolymerize arabinoxylans, which can reduce intestinal viscosity, reduce nutrient encapsulation, and modulate the intestinal microflora of broilers (Choct et al., 1999; Bedford, 1995; Bedford and Cowieson, 2012). In addition, products of xylanase...
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Accurate estimation of the broiler’s lysine (Lys) requirement is vital because it is the second limiting amino acid (AA) in poultry diets and, when the ideal protein ratio concept is applied, the essential amino acids (EAA) are expressed as ratios to Lys. It is necessary to regularly update AA requirements for modern broiler chickens in order to accommodate their genetic progress. However, defining a nutrient requirement is difficult because of variations in age and sex of animals and...
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INTRODUCTION
Campylobacter is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide (Corcionivoschi et al., 2012; Sibanda et al., 2018). In the United States alone, the Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention (CDC) estimates an annual 1.3 million cases occurring per year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2018). From 1999 to 2008, Campylobacter was estimated to cause an annual 8,463 hospitalizations and 76 deaths in the...
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Evaluation of methionine sources on performance and carcass traits of broilers at different dietary sulfur amino acid levels under northern European and middle Eastern conditions
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From 2Q onwards, the chemical industry upward trend was verified as a set one. Prices of more than 40 critical chemical raw materials showed an increase. At that time, there were also some raw materials with market prices falling. As of May 20, the market for...
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Necrotic enteritis (NE) is one of the most important diseases of the world broiler industry which costs over six billion dollars annually. There has been a concerted effort to control and minimise the effects of NE that have arisen since the EU ban of in-feed antibiotics in the poultry industry. Organic acids have been used as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics for maintaining good gut health of poultry by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria, resulting in improved performance...
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