Hyun Lillehoj

1. IntroductionCoccidiosis is a major enteric infection of poultry that is estimated to cost more than USD 14.5 billion annual losses globally [1]. Although coccidiosis control using various anticoccidial chemicals, such as ionophores, coccidiocides, and coccidiostats, has long been a mainstream strategy in modern poultry production, alternative control strategies to antibiotics are necessary owin ...

INTRODUCTIONThe United Nations estimates that there will be more than 9 billion people on the planet by the year 2050 (Roberts, 2011); thus, the world population will be 32% higher than that in 2006. In addition, the meat consumption per person per year is predicted to increase by 26% in the same period and will primarily comprise chicken consumption (FAO, 2010; OECD-FAO, 2010). Because of increas ...

INTRODUCTIONNecrotic enteritis (NE) is an enteric bacterial disease in chickens that is caused by Clostridium perfringens type G infection. Avian NE has gained much attention recently in the post antibiotic/anticoccidial agents' era as this infection has resulted in huge economic losses of 2 to 6 billion US dollars in the global poultry industry (Lee et al., 2020). Furthermore, the recently di ...

INTRODUCTION Eimeria spp. are the etiologic agents of avian coccidiosis, an intestinal disease responsible for an economic loss of more than $3 billion per year (1, 2). Increasing implementation of antibioticfree poultry production system in the U.S. is making the control of some enteric pathogens such as coccidiosis-causing Eimeria species and necrotic enteritis-inducing Clostridium perfringens s ...

1. IntroductionFood safety and economic gains are the priority consideration for food animal production industry. The antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have been used in animal feed for decades to promote animal health and production. However, extensive use of antibiotics in animal agriculture led to increased concerns over antibiotic contamination in food and environment, and the emergence of ant ...

IntroductionExosomes are membrane vesicles, approximately 40–100  nm in diameter, and present in most biological fuids [1–3]. Exosomes are derived from multivesicular bodies (MVBs) to form intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), which are then released into the extracellular environment as exosomes after fusion with the plasma membrane [3]. Lipids and proteins are the main components of exo ...

INTRODUCTIONCoccidiosis is a major enteric disease of chickens that is caused by several distinct species of Eimeria protozoan parasites infecting different areas of the gut. Coccidiosis primarily damages epithelial integrity in the intestine decreasing nutrient utilization and resulting in an annual loss of over $3.2 billion in the poultry industry globally (1–3). With the onset of coccidio ...