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Ammonia, also called NH3, can be measured using a specific portable instrument as you can do with temperature, humidity, etc. Also it can be supplied an NH3 sensor by the companies making the Poultry houses control systems as part of this system. With this, you can control it, if installed, 24/7 through a web browser. To detect Ammonia it is not even really needed to measure it since during the daily check in the Poultry houses it is easy to detect it by the “smell”. ...
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INTRODUCTION Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid and third limiting in typical commercial corn-soybean diets for white egg-laying hens (Russell and Harms, 1999). Tryptophan is primarily used for protein synthesis to maintain egg production but also plays a role as a precursor of serotonin which is synthesized to melatonin to regulate sleep, appetite, and stress responses. In addition, Trp can be converted to the B-vitamin niacin through the kynurenine pathway (Rogers and...
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The presence of Salmonella in poultry is a very significant issue in livestock production. This pathogen not only has consequences for animal health, but also for Public Health, and even for the international trade of poultry products and...
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Introduction Poultry eggs are biological structures intended by nature for reproduction and are highly versatile foods containing many essential nutrients as they support life during embryonic growth (Abanikannda et al., 2007). Chicken eggs are familiar, nutritious, economical and easy to prepare food, as they provide balanced sources of nutrients for humans of all ages (Matt et al., 2009). Moreover, their high quality protein, low caloric value and easy of digestibility make...
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1. Introduction Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox homeostasis in health and disease have recently received tremendous attention [1–6]. There are a range of redox pairs in cells/tissues responsible for redox homeostasis maintenance/regulation. They include, but are not limited to, NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, GSSH/GSH (glutathione system), Trxox/Trxred (thioredoxin system), protein thiolsox/protein thiolsred. It is...
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Introduction Wheat and barley as alternative cereals can be successfully replaced with corn in poultry diets. These grains could locally grow in many areas of the world and have lower water requirements than corn (Ravindran et al. 1999; Lin et al . 2010). The major components of wheat and barley are starch and proteins, though they have considerable content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), derived from the cell walls (Olukosi et al . 2007;...
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Afla V ONE 5 - 300 ppb Method for Total Aflatoxin Detection in Complete Feeds and Pet Food
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I. INTRODUCTION Commercial poultry diets are routinely supplemented with methionine (Met) sources to precisely meet their Met+Cys specifications. Globally, dry DL-methionine (DL-Met, 99% purity) is the most commonly used Met source followed by methionine hydroxy analogue products (MHA-FA liquid, 88% purity and dry MHA-Ca, 84% purity) and L-methionine (LMet, 99% purity). During recent years, numerous studies designed to determine the replacement ratio of L- and DL-Met products...
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Candidate Genes Associated with Survival Following Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Infection in Chickens
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I. INTRODUCTION Dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) is defined by the interrelationship between sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ) and chloride (Cl - ) where DEB = Na ++ K + -Cl - as mEq/kg and it plays an influential role in homeostasis of the body fluids. Borges et al. (2004) investigated DEB in two experiments and concluded that there was a quadratic effect on weight gain and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) when the DEB was...
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Introduction Crossbreeding is a method of genetic improvement [1]. It produces chickens that will be better in different economic traits, such as growth rate, feed efficiency, age at first egg, and carcass characteristics [1,2]. The superiority of crossbreeds over purebreeds in some of the above-mentioned productive and reproductive traits was confirmed by many scholars [3]. Many scholars evaluated the assessment of reciprocal crossbreeds for different breeds in different...
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1. Introduction The period after broilers hatch is critical for development and adaptation of the small intestine to nutritional changes [1–5]. Additionally, during the post-hatch period the broilers immune system is naïve and skeletal muscle has the greatest metabolic demand of any system. Post-hatch nutrition has the potential to program life-long immune and muscle metabolism. Restriction of energy and amino acid density during the first 14 days hinders...
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Introduction Poultry producers attempt to control infectious diseases through a variety of means, including appropriate farm management practices and breeding genetically resistant lines (Sartika et al. 2011; Scott et al. 2018). Unfortunately, existing farming conditions favour increased chicken densities in poultry houses, increasing the risk of spreading entero-pathogens such as Salmonella and Clostridium spp. (FAO 2013). For over half a century, veterinarians and poultry...
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INTRODUCTION Coccidiosis is a major enteric disease of chickens that is caused by several distinct species of Eimeria protozoan parasites infecting different areas of the gut. Coccidiosis primarily damages epithelial integrity in the intestine decreasing nutrient utilization and resulting in an annual loss of over $3.2 billion in the poultry industry globally (1–3). With the onset of coccidiosis, Eimeria elicits a local inflammatory response in the intestine, increasing...
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1. Introduction Under normal circumstances, excessive free radicals are scavenged by body enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, but oxidative stress can occur when the amount of oxidant production surpasses the capacity of the body’s antioxidant system [1,2]. Different aspects of avian productive and reproductive performances, such as egg production rate and egg quality traits, as well as fertility and hatchability may be adversely influenced by oxidative...
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INTRODUCTION Variability in the nutritional value of feed ingredients for poultry (and indeed other livestock species) has been widely reported over several decades and has been the impetus behind a sustained body of research work. For example, Sibbald and Slinger (1962), Mollah et al. (1983), and Leeson et al. (1993) reported variation in the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) content of corn (3,476–3,960 kcal/kg dry matter [DM]), wheat (2,948–3,960 kcal/kg DM),...
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INTRODUCTION Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen of great concern, and often, Salmonella outbreaks are found to originate from poultry (CDC, 2018; CDC, 2019). Every year in the United States, Salmonella is responsible for causing 1.35 million infections, >25,000 hospitalizations, and >400 deaths, and the majority of these illnesses are attributed to food (CDC, 2020). Salmonella's major risk factor in poultry meat and table eggs is its presence in live birds (Hugas and...
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DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Broilers have specific essential amino acid requirements that must be met in order to support growth, muscle development, and meat yield (Mack et al., 1999; Zampiga et al., 2018). Continued genetic selection of broiler strains focused on increasing feed intake and meat yield and improving growth efficiency will require adjustments in formulation, particularly in amino acids, in order to adjust for shorter rearing periods to a common body weight. In...
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Introduction Avibacterium paragallinarum (Av. paragallinarum) is a gram-negative bacterium that has been isolated worldwide and is the aetiological agent of infectious coryza (IC), a disease that contributes to significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Clinical signs of IC include nasal discharge, facial swelling, and lacrimation. This disease is associated with reduced egg production, poor growth, and high morbidity [1, 2]. However, in cases with secondary...
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