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INTRODUCTION Poultry population in Nigeria is put at 140 million and it is a major contributor to the economy (FMAWR, 2008). There is also a consistent rise in intensification of production and a growth rate of 306.6% between 1999 and 2004 (Glipha, 2007). The importance of these statistics is that Nigeria inadvertently contributes to environmental issues currently debated world - wide vix air and water pollution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, climate change etc. Owing to the...
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Ingredients come to the feed processor from a variety of sources. Many of these, particularly the coarse cereal grains, require some degree of processing before they are ready to be blended into an animal ration. The process of particle size reduction improves ingredient performance during mixing and, in most cases, the nutritive value of an ingredient can be improved or more nearly realized. There are many ways to reduce the particle size of feed ingredients. Two of the most common...
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1. Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is a monoecious plant of the Poaceae family, and it is cultivated worldwide. Two phases can be distinguished during its growth—vegetative and reproductive. The vegetative phase begins with the growth of the plant and culminates with the appearance of the male flower. The reproductive phase begins with the emergence of the female flower, and the physiological maturity of the cob takes place in this stage [1]. Maize is one of the most...
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Introduction The implementation and monitoring of quality control, quality assurance systems, and their standard operating procedures in feed mill operations are integral in assessing the overall success and profitability of livestock operations. The proper sampling of finished feed and its subsequent analysis is a common standard operating procedure that is used for most swine nutrition studies to ensure that adequate diet manufacturing and delivery have been met; therefore,...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are among the microbial toxins of most concern to public health, and they represent a barrier to a wider international trade of agri-food products and an important obstacle in the face of the harmonization of regulatory standards globally, as was discussed earlier [1]. They are produced by various mould species as low-molecular-weight non-immunogenic secondary metabolites whose occurrence has been reported in virtually all foods and feeds...
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1. Introduction The Capsicum genus, which includes more than 30 species of flowering pepper plants, belongs to one of the most important families known as Solanaceae. Although developed countries continue to be the main producers of pepper crops, its cultivation provides an important source of income for small producers in many developing countries. Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops contributing to significant foreign exchange earnings in Sub-Saharan Africa...
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Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is nowadays a common tool to analyze the nutritional content of feedstuffs. Corn hybrids and drying temperatures could affect the nutritional value of the grain. It is important to determine if these factors are detected by NIR. Two corn hybrids (Dekalb 68-05 and Dekalb 65-20) varying in kernel hardness (average and hard respectively) were dried at three temperatures (35, 80, and 120°C) to investigate the effects on its nutritional content....
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Introduction Much information is given ( Willem Van Cotthem, 2012 ) about Opuntia ficus-indica as an aloes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was evaluating the possibility of using powders of either fruits' skins or leaves of the Egyptian Teen Shoky as replacers for dietary corn in all-males mono-sex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus diets and their effects on fish performance for 75 days. This is an attempt to ameliorate feed costs by...
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Introduction Egypt is considered one of the most vulnerable countries to the potential impacts of climate change. High population density and growth and the rapid spread of unplanned urbanization place considerable pressures on the limited country’s land and water resources. In this respect, climate change studies predict a reduction in the productivity of two major crops in Egypt-wheat and maize by 15% and 19%, respectively by 2050 [1]. Livestock is one of the...
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Introduction South Sinai is semi-arid area with salt affected natural resources (plants, water, soil, etc). Therefore, feed resources in this region characterize one of the main difficulties for animal production development. Farmers in Egypt are concerned with ways to prevent salinification and economically produce fodder crops to overcome the problems of feed shortage that lead to high feeding costs (Fahmy et al., 2010). On the other side, big differences were found between...
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Introduction Quality forage resources as grasslands, fruit juice industry with a cultivated forage crops pulp residue are of great importance for Turkey. The share of total arable area of livestock feed crops sowing areas of advanced countries is 10%, but, it is, unfortunately, just 3.5% in Turkey. Rich pulp in terms of a significant amount of the water released as waste material in Turkey cannot be assessed at the desired level for ruminant animals. Thus, for making it harmless...
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Introduction Semi-desert climate of Egypt is characterized by hot summer, dry and mild winters, low rainfall (5-200 mm/a) and high evaporation rates (1,500-2,400 mm/a). The country is characterized by particularly good wind systems with excellent locations along the shores of the Red and Mediterranean Sea [1]. South Sinai is an arid region that affects excessive salt natural resources (water, soil, plants, etc.). Feeding trees, shrubs and agricultural by-products are important...
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