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Enzymes in poultry nutrition
Enzymes are proteins involved in all anabolic and catabolic pathways of digestion and metabolism. Digestive enzymes are categorised as endogenous or exogenous. Endogenous enzymes are produced by the animal and exogenous enzymes are administered from outside. Enzyme supplementation decreases nutrient loss through excreta, reduces diets nutritional levels, improves nutrient availability; thus, enhances production efficiency and profitability. In addition, exogenous enzymes hydrolyse non-starch polysaccharides, increase the usage of feed energy, reduce negative impacts of non-digestive residues on digesta viscosity, and improve gut microbial ecosystem. Cellulase, glucanase, pectinase, xylanase, galactisidases, phytase, non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzymes, amylase, lipase, cellulase, and protease are the most common enzymes used in poultry feed.
Soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) are the main contributors to the protein fraction in poultry diets worldwide. However, these quality vegetable protein meals contain low molecular weight sugars (raffinose and stachyose) and cell wall pectic non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), cellulose and hemicellulose (e.g. xyloglucans and mannans) which can be problematic. These NSPs are notorious for their water-holding capacity, increasing viscosity in the small intestine, impairing nutrient...
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Dietary protease supplementation has been observed to improve broiler growth performance and amino acid digestibility (Angel et al., 2011; Fru-Nji et al., 2011). Improvements in broiler energy utilisation have also been observed with supplemental protease (Sorbara, 2009; Freitas et al., 2011). These positive extra-proteinaceous effects may be influenced by age and diet type. In addition, these effects may vary throughout the broiler small intestine. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to...
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Improving poultry meat quality along with cutting down the cost of production has been one of the major objectives of most farmers and nutritionists. To achieve this objective, several strategies have been adopted, one of which is dietary energy management. Energy is the foremost important and largest part of poultry feed. This energy is either comes from grains like corn, wheat, soy, etc or through fat. ...
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CURRENT FEEDING PRACTICES INCLUDING VEGETARIAN DIETS ARE MISSING CREATINE The poultry industry is feeding less animal protein to broilers and turkeys today compared to just a decade ago. The use of animal protein was banned in livestock feeds in the year 2000 in Europe due to concerns over public health. The complete ban was lifted, but animal protein use remains low. Animal protein products, especially fishmeal, add another risk factor as they have been associated with a...
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On cherche des distributeurs dans plusieurs pays d’Afrique comme le Kenya, l’Ethiopie, la Tanzanie, le Congo, etc
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Sometimes chicken flocks resulted in less livability and body weight at seven days of age than other ones without knowing the reason. Besides, this reduced performance at an early age has a carryover effect until the market age. What was the cause? Probably, the lower broiler performance is mostly related to the quality of the chicks that arrive at the farms. Indeed, the broiler breeders, incubation process, or in-ovo feeding impact on chick quality. The eggshell temperature, brooding...
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Barley ranks fourth in global cereal production after corn, wheat and rice. About 65% of the world’s barley produced is fed to animals, including poultry. Australia is a significant global producer of barley, ranking in the top 5 countries with about 5% of global production and is among the top 3 barley exporters accounting for about 30% of malt and 20% of feed barley trade. Australia is a reliable supplier of two-row spring barley that is suitable for a wide range of malting, brewing...
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Will New Version of GMP Boost the Veterinary Drugs Industry?
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I. INTRODUCTION While the inclusion of feed enzymes is routine in poultry fed sorghum-based diets, the effects of these enzymes are often muted or substandard, especially with phytase (Selle et al., 2018). The exact mechanism for this underperformance is not known, however, it is most likely caused by one or all of three key endogenous grain components: kafirin, phytate and phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds,...
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Poultry rely on enzymatic digestion more so than any other livestock species due to their very short digesta transit time and because their large intestines lack the bacteria that aids other species in digestion. Because of this, their ability to digest nutrients in the feed is not absolute. Recently, along with phytase and non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, protease has become a standard component in broiler diets to improve nutrient digestibility and utilization. However, there...
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I. INTRODUCTION Human consumption of chicken meat products has risen exponentially over the past five decades and continues to grow on a global scale. Thus chicken meat production has seen unparalleled expansion, to meet the continually increasing consumer demand (Allievi et al., 2015). Such expansion has resulted in the chicken meat industry being at the forefront of animal production, where advances in animal nutrition and genetics are near optimal. Therefore, producers...
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I. INTRODUCTION The AgriFutures Australia Chicken Meat Program funds research, development and extension activities for the benefit of the Australian chicken meat industry. Through the process of reviewing the 5-year strategic plan (RIRDC, 2014), the objectives were adjusted to align each objective with a stage of chicken meat production. This included the consolidation of all research related to the live chicken...
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I. INTRODUCTION The inclusion of exogenous phytases in diets for broiler chickens has developed into a routine practice because of their positive phosphoric and extra-phosphoric effects. On one hand, phytase liberates phytate-bound phosphorus (PP) which is found in all plant-sourced feedstuffs as the dominant P fraction. On the other, phytase enhances amino acid (AA) digestibilities, essentially because they...
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I. INTRODUCTION Cereal grains are ground prior to feed mixing to reduce the particle size with the aim of modifying their physical characteristics. This facilitates handling, mixing and further processing (extrusion and pelleting) and increases the exposure of nutrients in the endosperm to digestive enzymes (Amerah et al., 2011). Available recommendations regarding optimum particle size are contradictory, due to...
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INTRODUCTION As we learn more about the negative impacts of calcium (Ca) on the availability of phosphorus (P), it highlights how little we know about Ca requirements, digestibility of Ca in ingredients, and their impact on P digestibility (Angel, 2019). These impacts can be direct or indirect through chelation with phytate, which can have a profound impact on the efficacy of phytase. Historically the ratio of Ca to P has been defined as total Ca to total P or total Ca to a form...
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Introduction In practice, an optimisation program is used to formulate commercial diets to meet the minimum nutrient constraints in order to minimise feed costs. With phytase, potentially unjustifiable high contributions will result in reduction of safety margins or even lead to nutrient and energy deficiencies with a negative impact on animal performance. When applying values, it is important to understand that it is not possible to compare matrices from different phytases...
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The Role of Amino Acids in the Immune System – A special focus on broilers.
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Poultry feed contains major ingredient i.e., soybean meal as the principal source of protein. Soybean meal is the dominant protein supplement used in poultry diets & also has an excellent amino acid profile the primary protein source in poultry diets. In recent years most producers are looking for alternate protein sources of soybean due to skyrocketing of the commodity. There are some alternative protein sources which have been used by poultry/feed producers as a...
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DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Broilers have specific essential amino acid requirements that must be met in order to support growth, muscle development, and meat yield (Mack et al., 1999; Zampiga et al., 2018). Continued genetic selection of broiler strains focused on increasing feed intake and meat yield and improving growth efficiency will require adjustments in formulation, particularly in amino acids, in order to adjust for shorter rearing periods to a common body weight. In...
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Introduction Genetic companies using new advances in genetic engineering are working to achieve high-persistence brown and white egg layer hybrids capable of producing more than 500 eggs in a 100-week lay and molt-free period. 1-The quality of the shell is the main reason for a producer to discard a flock of layer. 2-The posture drop is the second. - The most important nutritional strategy is bone health during rearing and all production through the...
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Introduction Sorghum ranks fifth in global cereal production after corn, wheat, rice and barley. Most of the world’s sorghum grain is fed to animals, including poultry, but it is also used for food (Africa) and alcohol (ethanol, beer in Africa and baijiu in China). World sorghum production for the last 5 years averaged about 63 million metric tonne (Mmt), the USA being the largest producer (about 12 Mmt or 18% of world production). Australian production averaged...
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