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Chickens make different sounds for a plethora of reasons. Determining the reasons behind vocalizations and understanding how chickens use them is a great way to gain insight about their behavior. Some of the most common chicken vocalizations are: A rooster's crow A hen's "food call" Alarm calls A hen's post laying...
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This newsletter provides an overview of silvopasture-based poultry production, and potential benefits and challenges of adopting this system as a largescale or small-scale producer. Silvopasture is an agroforestry practice in which trees, forages, shrubs, and animals are intentionally integrated into a single land...
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Effect of <i>Cordyceps militaris </i> Hot Water Extract on Immunomodulation-associated Gene Expression in Broilers, Gallus gallus (Extract)
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This newsletter provides an overview of the anatomy of the keel bone, risk factors and welfare implications associated with keel fractures, how to assess keel bone integrity, and management strategies to mitigate keel fractures in laying hens. ...
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1. Introduction Poultry and fish are both increasing in popularity as protein sources in human diets. Fish consumption has increased by 122% between 1990 and 2018 [1] with an over 500% rise in aquaculture production globally over the same timescale. Salmon production is estimated to reach 2.7 million tonnes (MT) by 2021, compared to 0.8 MT in 2000 [2]. Similarly, poultry meat production is also increasing year on year and is predicted to have reached 137 MT in 2020 [1]. This...
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Introducing Afla-V ONE: Fast, precise aflatoxin detection for complete feeds and pet foods
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1. Introduction Effective functionality and health of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are important factors in determining animal performance [1]. These aspects are particularly relevant in poultry farming, where animals capable of growing rapidly within a short period of time are needed. Three components of gut health have previously been suggested: diet, mucosa (which is, in turn, characterized by the digestive epithelium, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the...
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Soybean meal (SBM) is an ingredient with a high digestibility of protein, Lys, and Met. An optimal heating process of SBM is required to eliminate antinutritional components that negatively interfere with digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients. The effect of 3 commercial SBM batches were subjected to different heat treatments to evaluate its effect on growth performance and intestinal integrity. A total of 1,860 male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were vaccinated at 1d of age with a...
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INTRODUCTION Leucine (Leu) is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) that is essential for poultry species. It is one of the most potent amino acids regarding its effects on protein synthesis and degradation, energy balance regulation, modulation of insulin secretion, a nitrogen donor for muscle production and a critical regulator to initiate the translation and protein synthesis (Antony et al. , 2002; Norton et al. , 2006; Wu, 2009). Leu acts as a signal that...
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Introduction The basic nutrients that poultry birds require for maintenance, growth and reproduction include carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins. The energy and protein are the most important as well as expensive nutrients in poultry diet. Maize and soyabean meal are the conventional feed ingredients commonly used in poultry industry because of its nutrients composition and digestibility. In recent year skyrocketing prices of conventional protein sources like soyabean...
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Swine dysentery (SD) caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is a highly contagious disease of grower and finisher pigs. SD causes severe mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, resulting in decreased feed efficiency and increased morbidity. Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is characterized by high mortality in poultry with bloody diarrhea, and sudden death. B. subtilis and B. licheniformis have been identified from the gastrointestinal tract of...
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1. Introduction Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) are the most important Mycoplasma species for commercial poultry in Mexico. For decades, these species have been recognized as the cause of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) [1–3]. In addition, they decrease the fertile egg production in broiler breeders, cause late-stage embryonic death, or result in the births of infected chicks that later develop CRD. This disease suppresses the innate...
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The term “postbiotic” is increasingly found in the scientific literature and also on the commercial products over the last few years. But the scientific community is not yet united on what falls into this category. As the term is new and found increasingly popular, the correct idea about it should be...
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INTRODUCTION Avian embryogenesis is a perfect platform to examine the effects of exogenous factors on embryonic development due to the physiological independence from the hen (Hill et al., 2004). During incubation, the management of cabinet temperature, humidity, egg turning and air composition are critical to achieving successful artificial incubation. Light is an important exogenous factor for controlling many physiological and behavioral processes in animals but the use of...
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INTRODUCTION The rapid growth of modern broilers in a relatively short period of time requires a parallel increase in the size or capacity of supply organs, such as those of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. However, due to the slower development of these organs relative to body growth rate, the capacity to balance body energy is compromised, particularly under extreme environment conditions, such as cold stress (Shahir et al., 2012; Shinder, 2002). Cold...
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INTRODUCTION Ascites or pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) is one of the main causes of mortality in modern broilers. It is estimated that ascites incidence may be as high as 20% of total mortality in broilers [1]. Due to selection for rapid growth, broiler chickens have a high metabolic rate and hence higher oxygen requirements. However, they have a marginal capacity of lung and cardiovascular systems to supply their high oxygen demand. This results in impaired ability to...
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Poultry products are the primary vehicle for broad-host, nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica contamination and foodborne disease in the United States 1,2 , causing 1.35 million infections and costing approximately $400 million annually3. Although extensive efforts have been made to minimize Salmonella incidence in poultry via antimicrobials, the spread of resistance genes has caused an emergence of Salmonella isolates resistant to essential antibiotics 3,4 . Furthermore, live...
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INTRODUCTION Campylobacter spp. is well recognized as the leading cause of bacterial foodborne diarrheal disease and poses a serious economical and health risk globally (Skanseng et al., 2010; Silva et al., 2011; Meunier et al., 2015). The most common route of campylobacteriosis infection in humans is the handling or consumption of contaminated poultry meat (Lee and Newell, 2006). Campylobacter spp. is a commensal organism found in cattle, sheep, swine, wildlife, and domestic...
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INTRODUCTION As a nonpolar amino acid, Valine (Val) is one of the most hydrophobic amino acids (Brosnan and Brosnan, 2006). Val, leucine, and isoleucine are called branched chain amino acids due to the branched chain structures of their R groups. In animals, Val serves as a precursor for the synthesis of protein and other amino acids (Ferrando et al., 1995). As a glucogenic amino acid, Val is a substrate for glutamine synthesis which is involved in the Krebs cycle (Wu,...
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1. Introduction Necrotic enteritis (NE) is caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium perfringens [1], while the etiological agents of coccidiosis are Eimeria, a genus of apicomplexan parasites [2]. Both NE and coccidiosis are among the most economically significant infectious diseases facing the poultry industry causing growth retardation, morbidity, and even mortality [1,2]. With a growing number of countries having withdrawn in-feed antimicrobials for growth promotion...
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Effect of <i>Cordyceps militaris </i> Hot Water Extract on Immunomodulation-associated Gene Expression in Broilers, Gallus gallus (Extract)
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INTRODUCTION Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Cannabinaceae (Turner et al., 1979), traditionally grown for fiber and seed production. Whole hemp seed contains approximately 25% crude protein, 33 to 35% oil, and 34% carbohydrate, in addition to a broad range of vitamins and minerals (Darshan and Rudolph, 2000; Callaway, 2004; House et al., 2010). Hemp seed oil contains 75 to 80% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA),...
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I. INTRODUCTION Both glucose and amino acids are essential for muscle protein deposition and feed conversion efficiency and total tract nitrogen retention was reported to be influenced by protein and starch digestion in broiler chickens (Liu et al., 2013). Liu and Selle (2015) found that 76% of the variation in the feed-conversion ratio (FCR) could be attributed to starch and protein digestion rates in sorghum-based diets. Quadratic relationships between proximal jejunal...
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