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INTRODUCTION Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple food in many parts of the world including sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In Nigeria and some other West African countries, it is traditionally transformed by submerged fermentation to ogi – a complementary weaning food for infants and young children, convenient food for the sick, convalescent and elderly or quick breakfast mostly for those living in rural areas characterized by low income (Onyekwere et al., 1989; Steinkraus,...
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Introduction Modern maize, belonging to the genus Zea, was domesticated in southern Mexico 9000 years ago from wild, annual tropical grasses called teosintes, with the primary ancestor being Parviglumis (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) which survives today in the wild (Matsuoka et al., 2002). There are additional species of teosintes that continue to grow in the wild in Mexico and Central America including the perennial Zea diploperennis (Iltis and Doebley, 1980). Following its...
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In 2023 mycotoxins semiannual survey, Life Rainbow Biotech randomly collected 152 feed samples of raw materials and feed mills in farms and analyzed. The samples were tested for aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), zearalenone, fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3), and deoxynivalenol (DON) by the ELISA Mycotoxin analysis kit. Contamination in animal feed 152 feed samples collected, and 77% were contaminated with fumonisins ( table 1 ). The maximum concentrations of aflatoxins,...
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are substances that occur naturally in the environment (1, 2). In addition to mycoestrogens such as zearalenone (3, 4), selected trichothecenes, including DON and/or its metabolites (but in vitro), can affect steroidogenesis (2) and changes in gene expression, which suggests that these compounds could disrupt hormonal homeostasis (1). Deoxynivalenol (DON), a polar organic compound produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum (5), is...
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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi, the most abundant of which belong to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium . The conditions required for fungal development and the production of mycotoxins vary strongly with the substrate on which the fungal species develop.Because mycotoxins are mainly present in food and feed, the gut is the first target for mycotoxin toxicity, but it is also the site of the absorption of mycotoxins that leads to...
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Deependra Paneru (University of Georgia) An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of subclinical mycotoxin exposure on the growth performance and immune cell dynamics in pullets exposed to coccidiosis. Using a 2x2 factorial design, a total of 288 four-week-old Hy-Line W36 pullets were randomly allocated to four treatment groups, each containing six replicated cages with 12 birds. The experimental groups were exposed to either...
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INTRODUCTION Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is the most widespread crop in the Mediterranean area. Sixty-seven percent of the Italian production of durum wheat comes from the Southern regions and it is used mainly for producing pasta (Fagnano et al., 2012). Quaranta et al. (2010) confirmed the importance of environmental local conditions in driving mycotoxin contamination in durum wheat. They reported that Southern Italy is an area particularly suitable for producing high...
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INTRODUCTION Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph: Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch], is an economically important disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) that has resulted in massive commercial losses (Wilson et al., 2018). F. graminearum is capable of producing multiple, type B trichothecene mycotoxins [Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON), nivalenol (NIV), and 4-acetylnivalenol (4-ANIV)],...
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by different fungal species, Fusarium being responsible for most contamination of feedstuffs in the field. Among more than 400 identified mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are of most concern for the pig industry. Pigs are very sensitive to both DON and ZEN. When acute dietary exposure occurs, DON can lead to vomiting and feed refusal (1), whereas ZEN has oestrogenic effects (2). However, in practice, acute...
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INTRODUCTION Maize (Zea mays) is one of the main sources for food and feed production in the world (Chulze, 2010). In 2017, more than 197 million hectares were grown with maize worldwide resulting in production yield of 1.13 billion tons of maize (FAOSTAT, 2020). Ensuring the quality and safety of maize for feed and food production is essential. One of the major quality and safety concerns is infection of the maize plants with fungi and the contamination of maize kernels with...
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I. INTRODUCTION The quality of poultry feed and litter are important for maintaining and improving poultry production. Poultry feed (raw materials and formulated diet) is highly variable and large safety margins are needed to buffer the nutritional variability in feed ingredients when formulating diets (Moss et al., 2021). Feed ingredients delivered to feed mills are not comprehensively analysed using current methods (i.e., wet-chemistry and NIR). This is because the large quantities...
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Deoxynivalenol (DON; vomitoxin) is a trichothecene mycotoxin that is produced by Fusarium graminearum and is prevalently found in grains such as wheat, corn, barley and their by-products. DON mainly affects the health of monogastric animals, particularly pigs and poultry, through contaminated feedstuffs. Animal study ...
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INTRODUCTION Fusarium verticillioides has long been known to be a causal agent of maize ear rot but has received more attention since the discovery that fumonisins, the mycotoxins it produces, can accumulate in maize kernels (Gelderblom et al., 1988). Fumonisin consumption can lead to serious disorders in humans and animals; for example, leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary edema in swine, both are accompanied by injuries to the liver and heart; hepatic necrosis and,...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are naturally occurring secondary metabolites produced by various genera of molds, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria. About 400 mycotoxins have been identified, with some of the most important ones being aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), Ochratoxin (OTA), and deoxynivalenol (DON) [1]. The consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods can have serious health consequences, being potentially fatal, depending on the specific...
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1. Introduction As Thomas Edison once said, “The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but will rather cure and prevent disease with nutrition” [1]. Nowadays, one in every five deaths across the globe are attributable to a suboptimal diet, more than other risk factors, such as tobacco [2]. A multitude of chronic diseases related to an improper diet have emerged; thus, more and more experiments regarding the quality of food as a part of...
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I. Introduction Immediately after birth, or hatch in birds, the initial inoculum shapes the gut microbiota for life. The first bacteria to settle in the intestine can attach to epithelial cells with no competition, rapidly establish, grow, and set the intestinal environment to suit their own needs (Stecher and Hardt, 2011; Edwards, 2017). The first bacterial settlers have the most substantial influence on developing the host's immune system and overall ability to thrive (Stecher...
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INTRODUCTION Corn is one of the major components of poultry feed, and up to 65% of finished poultry feed can be comprised of corn and corn byproducts (Alqaisi et al., 2017). Poultry diets are often contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. Fumonisins (FB) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are secondary mycotoxin metabolites produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum, respectively (Glenn, 2007). According to the 2021 survey by Biomin, FB and DON are the most prevalent...
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1 Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi. The fungi grow on food commodities such as cereals, coffee, fruits, nuts, oilseeds, and spices when there are favorable conditions (Awuchi et al., 2021). Currently, over 400 mycotoxins have been recorded, and 25% of food has been shown to be contaminated. (Tola and Kebede, 2016; Escrivá et al., 2017); however, only a few are of concern from a food safety perspective: Aflatoxins (AFs), Fumonisins (FBs),...
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by microfungi which are capable of causing disease and death in humans and other animals (Bennett and Klich, 2003). According to a risk assessment overview provided by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (EFSA CONTAM Panel) related to the main contaminants in food and feed, mycotoxins represented 15% of the overall risk for human and animal health, for the period between 2003 and 2012 (EFSA,...
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INTRODUCTION Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the major economically important fungal diseases in wheat, barley, corn, and other small grains worldwide. Wheat yield losses of up to 50% have been reported in North America due to FHB (McMullen et al., 1997; Goswami and Kistler, 2005). One of the major concerns of FHB is the contamination of infected grains with Fusarium mycotoxins. Fusarium mycotoxins represent the largest group of mycotoxins, which contains more than 140 known...
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