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Introduction As any other Latin American country, bovine brucellosis is a significant animal health problem and a relevant zoonosis in Costa Rica (CR). Consequently, the disease is of veterinary and of public health relevance. Bovine brucellosis (then recognized as “Bang´s disease”) was clinically described in the Central Valley and in the volcanic highlands at the end of the XIX century, when different breeds of cattle were imported from United States and...
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Introduction
Milk is one of the most important foods of human beings and is recognized globally as a complete diet due to presence of essential components required for human health. India has a good number of dairy animal populations which plays an important role in economy of the country. India continues to be the largest producer of milk in the world (19% of the world’s total milk production) with annual milk production of 176 million tons in 2017-18(BAHS,...
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Introduction The rise in milk production has been accompanied by increasing incidence of health problems, declining ability to reproduce and declining the fertility of modern dairy cows. The transition from late gestation to early lactation is viewed as one of the most challenging elements of the production cycle. Perhaps the most important physiological change occurring during this period is the decrease in dry matter intake around...
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Summer losses in milk production are usually related to the negative impact of summer heat stress on the lactating cow. In the last 40 years, some studies realized in different parts of the world showed that also dry cows are negatively affected, when subjected to heat stress conditions. These losses are mainly related to lower milk volume and solids production, as well as fertility traits in early stages of the subsequent lactation. Heat stressed dry cows also suffer from higher incidences...
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Introduction The transition period into lactation remains one of the most challenging and important phases of the production cycle in a dairy cow. It is a transient period around calving characterised by drastic changes in the hormonal status, 2 to 5-fold (Bradford, 2020) increases in nutrient demand and apportioning of 85% of body glucose to the mammary gland. Simultaneously, the requirement for specific fatty acids escalates by more than four times (Bell, 1995; McFadden and...
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Effects of supplementation with ruminally-protected choline on performance of cows
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Nowadays that pandemic is of actuality some epidemiology lessons can be extracted to understand lameness prevention. To address lameness prevention in an academic way we must follow the basis of preventative medicine stablished by Wirchow based on 3 steps: There are 3 level of prevention: 1 Avoid disease appearance 2 Minimize clinical expression 3 Treat clinical cases to minimize severity Level 1 Starts since the decision of...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are harmful to animals and humans [1]. Monogastric animals are considered to be more susceptible to the toxic effects of mycotoxins than ruminants as the rumen microbiota are capable to degrade some of those toxic molecules to less toxic metabolites [2–4]. In addition, intrinsic rumen fluid factors, such as bacterial and yeast cell walls and feed particles, can deactivate mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxins and...
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TUCKER, Ga. – The International Production & Processing Expo (IPPE) is excited to announce that IPPE Marketplace will take place Jan. 25-29, 2021. IPPE will continue to support the poultry, egg, meat and feed industries through its new, online IPPE Marketplace that...
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Introduction The dominant primary plant formation in the Cacaueira is a dense ombrophilous forest, known like Atlantic rainforest or simply Atlantic forest. This biome is found along of the Brazilian coast, covering the coastal plains and eastern slopes of the Serra do Mar and Serra General, at altitudes of up to 600-700 m. The Forest Atlantic had as its basic characteristic, luxuriant vegetation, high and developed, whose structure and composition varied by region; presented...
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INTRODUCTION Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been classified within the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae (Wengler et al., 1995). It has a positive single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 12.3kb size, encoding one open reading frame (ORF) that is translated into a single polyprotein of about 4000 kDa (Collett et al., 1988; Meyers and Thiel, 1996). The polyprotein is subsequently cleaved into 4 structural and 6 to 7 non-structural proteins by viral and...
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THE PHASES OF THE RAISING PROCESS
Under intensive systems, the stage called Calf Rearing lasts approximately up to 60 days (30-60 days) and has three important phases:
1. Pre-ruminant phase - in which the main food is in liquid form, such as milk or a milk replacement. During this phase, the abomasum or true stomach fulfills the main digestive functions.
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Effects of supplementation with ruminally-protected choline on performance of cows
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1. Introduction Crop husbandry and animal husbandry are two main pillars of Indian agriculture which play crucial role in Indian economy. Animal husbandry particularly dairy development has great potential and prospects for eradicating rural poverty and bringing the rural masses above poverty line. Dairy development can provide employment opportunity to earn livelihood for weaker strata of society [17] and also improve their nutritional status through milk consumption. The major...
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Zeelim dairy farm is located in the south of Israel and characterized by desert conditions and low rainfall in winter (100-150 mm/year) November–March. In the last years, recycled water from the big Tel Aviv metropolitan area reached the region by pipelines where fields are cultivated by crops and orchards. This changed dramatically Zeelim climate to much more humid nights and increased general THI. In recent summers, cows experienced heat stress conditions 24/7 for almost 5...
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Efficient cooling systems based on water evaporation from cow's body surface have been developed in last four decades in dairy sectors of warm climate countries. The main effect of cooling is in reducing the drop in food consumption caused by heat stress, in addition to the normal drop in food consumption in the beginning of lactation, resulted by the mobilization of body reserves and with all its metabolic meanings. Few years ago, we conducted a research in which we studied the...
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxin contaminations pose growing problem in animal production from the economic and toxicological point of view (Marczuk et al., 2012). The adverse effects of mycotoxins manifest both on the health status, production and reproduction in ruminants, (dairy cows specifically) (Violeta-Elana et al., 2010). Feedstuff can be infected by more than one fungus, each of them can produce several mycotoxins consequently, and it is common that many mycotoxins occur...
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For the last few months, it seems that immunity has been at the forefront of our thought process – not just for the dairy industry but world-wide. While everyone has been focused on staying healthy and have become increasingly aware of the importance of a well-functioning immune system (IS), these are concepts that the dairy producer needs to keep in mind almost every day.
The IS in all animals is critical and complex. Life is dependent on a functional IS. Its primary function...
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Effects of supplementation with ruminally-protected choline on performance of cows
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In a survey that we carried out recently in Israel, we found a great variation between farms, in terms of the number of hours along the day the cows are in "heat stress" condition (body temperature above normal). This variation is correlated with cow’s milk yield and breeding performance during summer months. As time in a day, cows face heat stress is longer, the drop in milk production and conception rate in the summer (as compared to winter levels) is greater. In this article,...
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ARLINGTON, Va. – July 23, 2020 – The American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) honored two individuals in the animal science field this week at the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS)–Canadian Society of Animal Science–Western Section ASAS virtual annual meeting and tradeshow. Martin Nyachoti, Ph.D., of the University of Manitoba (U of M), received the AFIA-ASAS Non-Ruminant Animal Nutrition Research Award, and Terry Engle, Ph.D., of Colorado State University...
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