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The climate issue has been in the headlines lately. This article was written in the week that begins in Glasgow, Scotland, the Climate Conference, with the participation of many world leaders announcing the intention to completely eliminate greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), by 2050. The global dairy industry is in this context and it is also in the headlines, and people point the finger of blame at the meat and milk industry, in that the emission of...
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Summer heat stress has been considered in these days as one of the greatest causes for losses in the world dairy sector. Italian Breeders Association (A.I.A.), adopted the Summer to Winter ratio (S:W) index, a heat stress assessment tool based on the ratio between summer (July – September) and winter (January – March) farm performances. S:W ratio has been developed in Israel and adopted recently in Italy and other countries, as a tool for detecting performance pitfalls in summer...
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Combining advanced core design with industry-leading encapsulation technology, Balchem delivers the most unique rumen-protected choline product on the market today....
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Choline has long been considered an essential nutrient and has an identified requirement in most species, including humans. Though most can synthesize choline endogenously, it cannot be produced in sufficient quantity to satisfy the body’s requirements and must be...
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Introduction Fatty liver occurs in approximately 50-60% of dairy cows at orshortly after calving2,3. It occurs because the cow mobilizes energy from adipose tissue in response to hormonal changes at calving and negative energy balance immediately after calving when the cow cannot consume enough energy to support maintenance and milk production. However, it can also occur anytime the cow experiences negative energy balance from other factors such as sickness, suboptimal...
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Importance of animal origin foods and trends of consumption Given their high nutrient density, animal-origin foods have been staples of the human diet along our evolutionary history. Indeed, evidence of meat and bone marrow consumption in hominins can be traced back to around 2.5-2.8 million years ago (De Heinzelin et al., 1999, Thompson et al., 2019). On the other hand, milk from ruminants was introduced into our diets more recently, at least 8500...
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Introduction All living organisms depend on the continuous supply of available phosphorus (P) sources for a plethora of metabolic processes. Fertilizer and feed phosphates are obtained to a large extent from rock phosphate. This is a non-renewable resource, and the global distribution of rock phosphate reserves is not uniform. Concurrently, P accumulation in areas with high livestock production density may be harmful to the environment. Hence,...
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Introduction The nutritional management of young dairy calves can have both short- and long-term effects, from influencing morbidity and mortality rates (Urie et al., 2018a) to reproductive efficiency and first-lactation milk yield (Faber et al., 2005; Soberon et al., 2012; Gelsinger et al., 2015). Although major improvements in calf nutritional strategies have been made over the past decade, dairy calves continue to suffer from the highest rates of...
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Introduction Gut health is intrinsically linked with animal health, which in turn dictates cost efficient production. Animal health and productivity are intrinsically linked, as are gut health and animal health. In many diseases, diet is implicated as a contributing factor by having direct effects on host metabolism, immune responses, and microbiome composition, subsequently altering disease susceptibility (Plaizier et al. 2018). Gut health is defined...
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Adult lactating cows receive more attention when it comes to the negative effects of heat stress, as compared to heifers. This is because lactating cows need to dissipate more heat, running out of milk production and feed consumption and digestion to support it. The losses, caused by exposing adult cows to heat stress conditions include drop in milk production and composition, fertility, health and cow's performance in the subsequent lactation, when exposed to heat stress conditions in...
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Introduction Although several species of parasites are harbored in the gastro intestinal tract of animals only few species are clinically and economically important. Clinically important parasites of farm animals prevalent in tropical conditions like Chitwan are Paramphistomum Spp., Fasciola Spp., Toxocara Spp., Monoeiza Spp., Ascaris Spp., Taenia Spp., Haemonchus Spp. and other different nematodes species. The major problem associated with Gastro intestinal parasitic...
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1 Introduction Milk is one of the foods with a crucial nutritional composition for human health. Among the components of milk, fat has been associated with human diseases for years due to its high saturated fatty acid content (Palmquist, 2010). About 70% of the fatty acids in milk triacylglycerols are saturated, 25% are monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and 5% are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (Lopes et al., 2016; Abd El-Salam & El-Shibiny, 2020). Studies have shown...
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1. Introduction The use of tannin in ruminant nutrition is increasing, mainly due to its diverse positive effects in several aspects concerning physiology, metabolism, and animal performance. However, research results are quite controversial regarding the concentrations and sources used, which reinforces the need for further studies to elucidate these still evident gaps. According to Haslam and Lilley [1], tannins represent secondary compounds of plants and are present in...
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Introduction Dairy cows experience massive metabolic demands to support lactation. They adapt their metabolism to do so, including uncoupling of the somatotropic axis (Baumgard et al., 2017) with peripheral insulin resistance and increased lipolysis to fuel milk production. However, cows are challenged by a transient decrease in feed intake resulting in negative energy and protein balance in early lactation, and short-duration but substantial...
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Heat stress will cost the global dairy sector an estimated $5 billion a year in 2050 (Wankar et al., 2021).To reduce the costs for both the farmer and animal, a more integrated approach regarding production, health and welfare is needed. The key lies in prediction...
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Introduction At birth, the rumen is non-functional, making calves pre-ruminants. By weaning, the rumen is the principal site of volatile fatty acid (VFA) absorption, responsible for over 50% of all VFA being absorbed (Allen, 1997). Consequently, the calf rumen must undergo a ruminant transition, where the rumen goes from non-functional to functional in 6-10 weeks, coinciding with the period when most dairy calves are weaned (USDA, 2012). The transition...
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Introduction Supplemental lipids are commonly included in diets for ruminants (Doreau and Ferlay 1994). These lipids are components of feedstuffs or through the addition of specific lipid additives (Loften et al. 2014). Most commonly, these lipid additives are used to increase the energy density of the diet (Hess et al. 2008), but can also be used to modulate the fatty acid (FA) composition of body tissues or induce metabolic changes. Verdugo (2016)...
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