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Importance of animal origin foods and trends of consumption Given their high nutrient density, animal-origin foods have been staples of the human diet along our evolutionary history. Indeed, evidence of meat and bone marrow consumption in hominins can be traced back to around 2.5-2.8 million years ago (De Heinzelin et al., 1999, Thompson et al., 2019). On the other hand, milk from ruminants was introduced into our diets more recently, at least 8500...
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Introduction All living organisms depend on the continuous supply of available phosphorus (P) sources for a plethora of metabolic processes. Fertilizer and feed phosphates are obtained to a large extent from rock phosphate. This is a non-renewable resource, and the global distribution of rock phosphate reserves is not uniform. Concurrently, P accumulation in areas with high livestock production density may be harmful to the environment. Hence,...
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Introduction The nutritional management of young dairy calves can have both short- and long-term effects, from influencing morbidity and mortality rates (Urie et al., 2018a) to reproductive efficiency and first-lactation milk yield (Faber et al., 2005; Soberon et al., 2012; Gelsinger et al., 2015). Although major improvements in calf nutritional strategies have been made over the past decade, dairy calves continue to suffer from the highest rates of...
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Introduction Gut health is intrinsically linked with animal health, which in turn dictates cost efficient production. Animal health and productivity are intrinsically linked, as are gut health and animal health. In many diseases, diet is implicated as a contributing factor by having direct effects on host metabolism, immune responses, and microbiome composition, subsequently altering disease susceptibility (Plaizier et al. 2018). Gut health is defined...
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The effects of dietary rumen-protected choline on mammary DNA methylation patterns
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Adult lactating cows receive more attention when it comes to the negative effects of heat stress, as compared to heifers. This is because lactating cows need to dissipate more heat, running out of milk production and feed consumption and digestion to support it. The losses, caused by exposing adult cows to heat stress conditions include drop in milk production and composition, fertility, health and cow's performance in the subsequent lactation, when exposed to heat stress conditions in...
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Introduction Although several species of parasites are harbored in the gastro intestinal tract of animals only few species are clinically and economically important. Clinically important parasites of farm animals prevalent in tropical conditions like Chitwan are Paramphistomum Spp., Fasciola Spp., Toxocara Spp., Monoeiza Spp., Ascaris Spp., Taenia Spp., Haemonchus Spp. and other different nematodes species. The major problem associated with Gastro intestinal parasitic...
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1 Introduction Milk is one of the foods with a crucial nutritional composition for human health. Among the components of milk, fat has been associated with human diseases for years due to its high saturated fatty acid content (Palmquist, 2010). About 70% of the fatty acids in milk triacylglycerols are saturated, 25% are monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and 5% are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (Lopes et al., 2016; Abd El-Salam & El-Shibiny, 2020). Studies have shown...
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1. Introduction The use of tannin in ruminant nutrition is increasing, mainly due to its diverse positive effects in several aspects concerning physiology, metabolism, and animal performance. However, research results are quite controversial regarding the concentrations and sources used, which reinforces the need for further studies to elucidate these still evident gaps. According to Haslam and Lilley [1], tannins represent secondary compounds of plants and are present in...
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Introduction Dairy cows experience massive metabolic demands to support lactation. They adapt their metabolism to do so, including uncoupling of the somatotropic axis (Baumgard et al., 2017) with peripheral insulin resistance and increased lipolysis to fuel milk production. However, cows are challenged by a transient decrease in feed intake resulting in negative energy and protein balance in early lactation, and short-duration but substantial...
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Heat stress will cost the global dairy sector an estimated $5 billion a year in 2050 (Wankar et al., 2021).To reduce the costs for both the farmer and animal, a more integrated approach regarding production, health and welfare is needed. The key lies in prediction...
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Introduction At birth, the rumen is non-functional, making calves pre-ruminants. By weaning, the rumen is the principal site of volatile fatty acid (VFA) absorption, responsible for over 50% of all VFA being absorbed (Allen, 1997). Consequently, the calf rumen must undergo a ruminant transition, where the rumen goes from non-functional to functional in 6-10 weeks, coinciding with the period when most dairy calves are weaned (USDA, 2012). The transition...
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The effects of dietary rumen-protected choline on mammary DNA methylation patterns
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Introduction Supplemental lipids are commonly included in diets for ruminants (Doreau and Ferlay 1994). These lipids are components of feedstuffs or through the addition of specific lipid additives (Loften et al. 2014). Most commonly, these lipid additives are used to increase the energy density of the diet (Hess et al. 2008), but can also be used to modulate the fatty acid (FA) composition of body tissues or induce metabolic changes. Verdugo (2016)...
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Introduction Dairy cows are provided high allocations of grain following calving to meet high energy demands for milk production. However, increased grain consumption increases the flow of fermentable carbohydrates to the hindgut, increasing hindgut fermentation (Abdela, 2016). If excessive fermentation occurs, high osmotic pressure and a drop in pH induce inflammation and damage hindgut epithelial cells, thus increasing gut permeability and allowing...
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INTRODUCTION Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a tropical forage species widely used in ruminant nutrition. Sorghum is considered the best option in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. Sorghum is a typical plant of hot climates due to its xerophilic characteristics, low soil fertility requirements, high tolerance/resistance to water stress and salinity (HASSAN et al., 2018). Sorghum grain has been used as an energy source in ruminant diet formulation and...
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INTRODUCTION Preservation of alfalfa as silage is becoming convenient due to the ease of mechanization and reduced susceptibility to weather damage (Khadem et al . 2009). Calberry et al . (2003); Bhandari et al. (2008) and Khadem et al. (2009) reported that cows fed on ration containing chopped alfalfa hay had lower intake than those fed on a diet containing chopped alfalfa silage. But similar milk yield and composition (Calberry et al ....
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1. Introduction Reducing the production costs is becoming more important in the dairy industry. The suitable development of replacement heifers is an expensive investment for dairy farms, so estimations of all associated costs are about 20% of the total production costs [1]. The age at first calving (AFC) reflects the rate of growth of the female. A late entry in the productive life reduces the economic value of the animals, due to the potentially decreased number of...
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1. Introduction In commercial dairy and beef production, a range of stresses are responsible for economic losses associated with the decreased productive and reproductive performance of cows. It has been shown that at the molecular level, nutritional, technological, environmental and internal stresses lead to the overproduction of free radicals, the disturbance of the redox balance, and oxidative stress [1,2]. It is well known that oxidative stress (an imbalance between free...
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