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Vitamins in poultry nutrition
Vitamins are a group of organic compounds that poultry require in small quantities. Despite the low requirement levels, vitamins are essential for normal body functions, growth, and reproduction. A deficiency of one or more vitamins can lead to a number of diseases or syndromes. Vitamins are divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. Vitamin A is required for normal growth and development of epithelial tissue (skin and the linings of the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts) and reproduction. Vitamin D3 is required for normal growth, bone development, and eggshell formation. Vitamin K is essential for blood clot formation. The water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B vitamins. The B vitamins include vitamin B12, biotin, folacin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin. The B vitamins are involved in many metabolic functions, including energy metabolism. Poultry can make vitamin C, so there is no dietary requirement established for this vitamin. Vitamin C supplementation is useful when birds are in stress.
Adnan Alrubaye (University of Arkansas) explains this disease, also known as BCO Lameness. He comments on different mitigation methods and his research collaboration with companies, in this Engormix interview....
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I. INTRODUCTION The significance of vitamin K (VK) to human health, well-being and ageing is currently receiving worldwide attention. Beyond its role in coagulation, the importance of VK in bone health is well established. Other roles in cardiovascular disease, inflammatory response, neural and cognitive health are currently under investigation (Card et al., 2014). Vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone, VK 1 ), occurs naturally in Fresh, Leafy, Green, (FLG) plant...
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January 26, 2026
United States - Georgia - Atlanta
The veterinary APIs market is experiencing stability with prices across most categories showing minimal fluctuations and a gradual absorption of channel inventories. Key products like doxycycline, neomycin sulfate, and erythromycin thiocyanate have sustained steady prices attributed to factory maintenance and restricted order policies. However, certain sectors are encountering sustained price pressures due to the gradual introduction of new production capacities. Market activities are...
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Heat stress is a huge problem in farm animals, as their welfare and performance can be negatively affected by extreme environmental conditions. When animals are exposed to very high or low temperatures outside their comfort range, they might experience heat stress. This can bring about various unfavorable consequences, such as decreased food intake, reduced zootechnical performance, alterations in the immune system, and increased susceptibility to diseases. Mechanisms through which...
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I. INTRODUCTION Chicken meat and egg production has been on the increase in all continents with the highest increases in Asia and South America (Mandal, 2010). High temperatures coupled with high humidity impose severe stress on birds and can cause huge economic loss. Such loss is due to reduced performance, immune suppression, and an increase in respiratory disease and mortality (Mandal, 2010). Exposure of chickens to high temperature also increases the induction of heat shock...
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The liver is the largest gland of the body and an accessory organ of the poultry digestive system. The liver involves in a wide range of functions including the fat mobilization and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and...
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APIs MARKET Veterinary APIs Price Index (VPi): February 12th 66.33 February 19th 66.26 February 26th 66.28 The veterinary APIs market has shown a moderate recovery after the Chinese New Year holiday (January 28-February 05). Downstream restocking demand has been observed along with the restoration of in-land logistics capacity. Certain products, including Tylosin, Oxytetracycline, Neomycin Sulfate, and Tilmicosin, have witnessed...
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Introduction: Due to the constant genetic evolution in both the production of broilers, nutritionists must constantly adapt their nutritional recommendations and feeding programs to maximize economic results at all times. These management and nutrition decisions must take into account: the animal (potential for growth), environmental conditions and the composition of the feed, which affect feed consumption and, consequently, the performance of birds. And economic...
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Lara Moody (IFEEDER) comments on the main issues and projects on IFEEDER's 2025 agenda in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2025 in Atlanta, USA....
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Constance Cullman (AFIA) discusses feed ingredients regulations and food safety among AFIA's goals this year, in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2025 in Atlanta, USA....
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1️ Oxidation Meaning and Classification Definition : Oxidation in feed or within the body involves the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion. This process is often accelerated by the presence of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly reactive molecules formed during normal metabolic activities. Types of Oxidation : In-Feed Oxidation : Occurs in stored feed ingredients and premixes where fats, vitamins, and...
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1. Introduction Respiratory diseases control is crucial in all types of poultry including laying hens. Respiratory infections in layers can considerably impair bird health and welfare, as well as performance and hence profitability of flocks [1]. Although in broilers respiratory diseases mostly affect the respiratory tract itself, in layers respiratory infections affect both the airways and the oviduct [2]. Therefore, respiratory disease can have a significant economic...
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LIPTOSA's Commitment to Africa: Expanding Horizons at VIV Africa 2024 Last month, LIPTOSA made a strong statement of its commitment to the African market by participating once again in VIV Africa 2024, the leading trade show for animal production professionals in Sub-Saharan Africa. The event took place from October...
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The price index of veterinary APIs was 63.17-63.26-63.43-63.53 respectively for the four weeks of this month, from August 7th to 28th. It indicates that the overall veterinary drug raw material market was stable this month, with some varieties fluctuating and adjusting. In the first half of the month, most categories, such as doxycycline hydrochloride and neomycin sulfate, showed oscillating adjustments; categories, such as florfenicol, amoxicillin, and doxycycline hydrochloride,...
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1. Introduction The increase in food demand driven by population growth, coupled with the reduction in the supply of raw materials owing to factors such as climate change, poses a significant challenge for the agricultural and livestock sectors. Among the different processes associated with egg production, the feeding of hens represents the largest source of environmental impact [1]. Nonetheless, the revaluation of agrifood by-products through their incorporation into animal diets...
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The price index of veterinary APIs was 63.17-63.26-63.43-63.53 respectively for the four weeks of this month, from August 7th to 28th. It indicates that the overall veterinary drug raw material market was stable this month, with some varieties fluctuating and adjusting. In the first half of the month, most categories, such as doxycycline hydrochloride and neomycin sulfate, showed oscillating adjustments; categories, such as florfenicol, amoxicillin, and doxycycline hydrochloride,...
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APIs MARKET The market economy's fundamental principle is that the supply and demand imbalance drives price fluctuations. Catalyzed by the environmental protection inspections and the mask incident, the mainstream manufacturers gradually discovered that limiting production (now mainly covered up by equipment maintenance) is a proven effective and tried-and-tested method to cope with excess capacity and swaying market prices, and this artificial control of the market pattern...
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Elizabeth Santin (Independent Consultant) comments on the different causes of oxidative stress, the impact on immunity, and the antioxidants that can be administered, in this Engormix interview....
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APIs MARKET The price index of veterinary APIs published by the China Veterinary Drug and Feed Trade Center was 62.54-62.57-62.59-62.71 respectively for the four weeks of this month (June 5th-27th). The veterinary APIs market ushered in differentiation in June, with most mainstream categories running steadily while the prices of some individual categories rebounded and a few categories continued to rebound strongly under the influence of supply compression. In early July,...
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