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Vitamins in poultry nutrition
Vitamins are a group of organic compounds that poultry require in small quantities. Despite the low requirement levels, vitamins are essential for normal body functions, growth, and reproduction. A deficiency of one or more vitamins can lead to a number of diseases or syndromes. Vitamins are divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. Vitamin A is required for normal growth and development of epithelial tissue (skin and the linings of the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts) and reproduction. Vitamin D3 is required for normal growth, bone development, and eggshell formation. Vitamin K is essential for blood clot formation. The water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B vitamins. The B vitamins include vitamin B12, biotin, folacin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin. The B vitamins are involved in many metabolic functions, including energy metabolism. Poultry can make vitamin C, so there is no dietary requirement established for this vitamin. Vitamin C supplementation is useful when birds are in stress.
1 Introduction Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient that cannot be synthesized by non-ruminants and must be obtained through the diet. Although certain plant pigments called carotenoids may yield retinoids metabolically, only a small percentage of them can be converted into vitamin A precursors in mammals and birds (Surai et al., 2003; Combs and McClung, 2017). Due to practical considerations, the naturally occurring vitamin A and carotenoid levels in feed ingredients are not...
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APIs MARKET
The price index of veterinary APIs monitored by China Veterinary Drugs and Feed Trading Centre for four weeks this month was 64.80-65.07-64.90-64.66, indicating that the market is generally stable. Products such as Doxycycline hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, tilmicosin, enrofloxacin, and florfenicol, etc, have received more attention, while other categories and products have performed stably and are still at the bottom of the market.
A cliff-like...
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The liver is the largest gland of the body and an accessory organ of the poultry digestive system. The liver involves in a wide range of functions including the fat mobilization and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and...
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Breeding is crucial in livestock management, ensuring continuous production and maintaining genetic excellence. Better breeding results mean healthier offspring, higher birth rates, and enhanced herd or flock health. Nutrition is pivotal for breeding success in most livestock. Balanced diets, rich in essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients, help animals achieve their full reproductive potential. We present IntelliOpt, the solution for effective nutrient utilization...
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INTRODUCTION In the modern poultry production system, the first reported chick embryos injection of thiourea was done by Grossowicz in 1946 to observe the effect in hatchling and post-hatch life (1), followed by thyroxin by Balaban and Hill (2). Later, in ovo technique (IOT) was first opted for vaccination against Marek’s disease by Sharma and Burmester (3). Subsequently, the success of in ovo vaccination (IOV) has set forth a paradigm shift in the poultry industry by adapting...
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Heat stress is a huge problem in farm animals, as their welfare and performance can be negatively affected by extreme environmental conditions. When animals are exposed to very high or low temperatures outside their comfort range, they might experience heat stress. This can bring about various unfavorable consequences, such as decreased food intake, reduced zootechnical performance, alterations in the immune system, and increased susceptibility to diseases. Mechanisms through which...
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Bacillus licheniformis-Fermented Products Improve Growth Performance and Intestinal Gut Morphology in Broilers under Clostridium perfringens Challenges (Extract)
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APIs MARKET
For the veterinary API industry, the long-awaited golden weeks, "golden nine and silver ten," have been under the way, but the market opened with a less than optimistic answer sheet. The veterinary API market remains weak this month, and the trading is generally light. Whether the upstream manufacturers or the middle and lower reaches of the traders and terminals, they obviously showed insufficient confidence in the veterinary API market trends. The...
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APIs MARKET
In August, the veterinary API market remains weak, and the prices of most mainstream varieties continue to go down. Florfenicol, doxycycline, and amoxicillin have stagnant finishing. At the same time, erythromycin thiocyanate, as an intermediate raw material of azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and erythromycin stearate, has reached a historical high, and Tilmicosin price is going up against the trend. Is this the primary sign of rebound expected by the...
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APIs MARKET
The vet APIs market underwent a profound adjustment in the Q1-Q2 of 2023, but most industry insiders are hoping for a market rebound in the second half of 2023; the main reason is they are optimistic about the recovery of consumer demand in the year. The month of July has ended, and the rebound shows no sign of arriving anytime soon; the lukewarm downstream market still hasn't improved, and the price of most of the products is running low and steady. Doxycycline failed...
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CHOLINE AS A NUTRIENT: BASIC FUNCTIONS Choline is an essential nutrient in most livestock species. It plays a crucial role in neurotransmitter synthesis (acetylcholine), cell membrane signaling (phospholipids), myelin synthesis and lipid transport (lipoproteins). Choline is a precursor of phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid that besides being part of the composition of cell membranes, is involved in the generation and composition of bile secretions; therefore,...
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Conclusion To optimise oxidative status in broilers under challenging environmental circumstances, high levels of antioxidants are required to counteract the negative effects of reactive oxygen species. The addition of either 15 mg/kg vitamin E or 15 mg/kg Selko AOmix to broiler diets containing 10 mg/kg vitamin E diminished an increase in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (a marker for oxidative status) that may occur in animals in conditions where heat challenge is expected....
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I. INTRODUCTION Forecasting is fraught with difficulties associated with poor data and unknown unknowns. Fortunately, in the case of laying hens, this is not true. We have an excellent history of how our birds have improved over the past decade (Table 1), and a fair idea of what can be expected in future breeding programmes used by the primary breeding companies. Our understanding is that the requirements for energy and protein per unit of output have remained unchanged and that...
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Following the success of the Research Topic “Alternatives to Antimicrobial Growth Promoters and Their Impact in Gut Microbiota, Health, and Disease: Volume II,” we received an invitation from Frontiers to work on Volume II. This second volume includes 31 scientific articles, in the text of individual chapters in this Frontiers Research Topic. The editors are grateful to all 197 authors that contributed and participated in the achievement of Volume II. Homo sapiens reached...
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APIs MARKET
The vet APIs market has been going down continuously this year, with a significant decline in some leading products (see the table below) due to the decreased demand.
The market stopped falling at the end of May, and it is stable overall, with prices running at the bottom. Although there are optimistic expectations for the future market, the...
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Peter Surai (FeedFood, UK; Vitagene and Health Research Centre, UK, among others) presents on Engormix his talk about antioxidants and their use in poultry production....
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Peter Surai (FeedFood, UK; Vitagene and Health Research Centre, UK, among others) explains the use of vitamin E and other additives when talking about meat quality, in this Engormix interview....
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APIs MARKET
After continuous declines, the decedent of the veterinary raw materials market has slowed down, and the overall downward trend seems to have stopped, with most products running weakly and steadily. In contrast,the products with prices remaining firm are Erythromycin Thiocyanate and Amoxicillin. Considering the production costs in upstream factories, some products have been oversold. Trade channels have been watching with the money hold in hand, the market...
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Oxidative stress is a biological process which is produced as a result of an imbalance between the generation of oxygen free radicals and the antioxidants that remove them, favorable to the first ones. In animals, free radicals are generated by endogenous pathways in aerobic metabolic processes, as well as exogenous vias, particularly after stress situations caused by inadequate environmental factors (such as temperature, relative humidity, poor air quality and/or presence...
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Prologue Energy is the most elusive nutrient in poultry diets. Simply reducing the energy content in poultry feed may not be a viable option for cost-saving in feed formulation. An economical solution is to enable efficient...
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