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Vitamins in poultry nutrition
Vitamins are a group of organic compounds that poultry require in small quantities. Despite the low requirement levels, vitamins are essential for normal body functions, growth, and reproduction. A deficiency of one or more vitamins can lead to a number of diseases or syndromes. Vitamins are divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. Vitamin A is required for normal growth and development of epithelial tissue (skin and the linings of the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts) and reproduction. Vitamin D3 is required for normal growth, bone development, and eggshell formation. Vitamin K is essential for blood clot formation. The water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B vitamins. The B vitamins include vitamin B12, biotin, folacin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin. The B vitamins are involved in many metabolic functions, including energy metabolism. Poultry can make vitamin C, so there is no dietary requirement established for this vitamin. Vitamin C supplementation is useful when birds are in stress.
Introduction Genetic companies using new advances in genetic engineering are working to achieve high-persistence brown and white egg layer hybrids capable of producing more than 500 eggs in a 100-week lay and molt-free period. 1-The quality of the shell is the main reason for a producer to discard a flock of layer. 2-The posture drop is the second. - The most important nutritional strategy is bone health during rearing and all production through the...
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Managing heat stress in poultry remains a major concern for both producers and scientists as it accounts for an annual loss of $128 to $165 million in the poultry industry alone. The impact of heat stress results in a drastic change in physiological activity linked with a decrease in feed consumption, growth rate, eggshell quality, and biochemical change like increase in the level of glucocorticoids leads to reduced immunity, and breakdown of muscle due to gluconeogenesis and the upward...
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1. Introduction Under normal circumstances, excessive free radicals are scavenged by body enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, but oxidative stress can occur when the amount of oxidant production surpasses the capacity of the body’s antioxidant system [1,2]. Different aspects of avian productive and reproductive performances, such as egg production rate and egg quality traits, as well as fertility and hatchability may be adversely influenced by oxidative...
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Introduction Achieving the best fertility is the only goal for successful running of any breeder operation. Advanced genetic selection in broiler breeding has led to tremendous improvements in progeny performance. Body weight gain achievement in modern broiler breeders is swifter than the past hence male management is a crucial aspect to obtain good quality and quantity of semen. Due to some unforeseen events if there is heavy mortality in males, maintaining the fertility...
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INTRODUCTION Disease control, high production, product quality, and reasonable production costs have been the recent main goals of the poultry industry. Hence, meeting per capita consumption and welfare to humans necessitates continuous efficient and goal-oriented healthcare to control disease spread and decrease the application of antibiotics (1). These endeavors will include the launch of programs to control infectious diseases, face the constant changes in political and...
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For the last three decades poultry production worldwide has made tremendous progress in terms of quantity and quality of meat and egg production, including improvement of growth rate and feed conversion rate. However, it has been proven that commercial poultry production is associated with a range of stresses including environmental, technological, nutritional, and internal/biological [1,2]. Indeed, it is practically impossible to avoid stresses, so therefore overproduction of free radicals...
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According to monitoring data provided by the China Veterinary Medicine and Feed Trading Center, the price index of major veterinary APIs is operating smoothly with relatively little volatility in the market price. Heat and humidity are unfriendly to the production of some varieties of APIs. Factories have recently arranged seasonal shutdowns for maintenance. It is expected to result in a tight supply of the related raw materials in the short term. Heavy rains and floods in northern...
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Producing high quality meat is a primary goal of the poultry industry. In the recent years, as chicken breeds are genetically selected for faster growth and larger breast meat, there has been an increase of myopathies (diseases of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly) mainly...
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The liver is a key organ for the health and productivity of poultry and plays a significant part in the digestion, metabolism and utilization of nutrients. The liver is involved in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins; it is the main storage site for fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), the...
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DIMA WHITE, STEVE LEESON and WOO KYUN KIM* report that a herbal feed supplement, consisting of natural and organic choline in conjugated form (phosphatidyl choline) along with certain...
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1. Introduction Commercial poultry production is associated with a variety of environmental, technological, nutritional and biological/internal stressors which are responsible for decreased productive and reproductive performance and compromised health [1,2]. A great body of recent information clearly indicates that very often overproduction of free radicals, compromised antioxidant defences and oxidative stress are the leading causes of the detrimental consequences of...
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1. Introduction Carotenoids are natural pigments which are responsible for yellow to red colour observed in plants and vegetables (Mortensen, 2006). Carotenoids are important for its various roles in human and animals, these include immune functions, decrease in the risk of disease and antioxidant function (Johnson, 2002; Rao & Honglei, 2002; Hinds et al., 1997). There are over 700 carotenoids (Junpatiw et al., 2013); one of which is the β-carotene. β-carotene can...
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This study investigated the effect of a novel phosphorylated tocopherol mixture (TPM) on the growth performance and meat quality in broiler chickens reared in normal temperatures (NT) or cyclical high temperatures (CHT). Three hundred and sixty Ross 308-day old broilers were housed in groups of 5 in cages (n = 12/treatment). From day of placement until d 35, broilers were assigned to 1 of 3 vitamin E-adequate, wheat and soybean meal-based diets containing TPM at 0 (Control; 20ppm of Vit E),...
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Oxidative stress in poultry Poultry is one of the fastest growing segments of animal industry and has a substantial contribution to food security and nutrition. Birds are exposed to a multitude of stressors of environmental, nutritional, microbiological, and managemental origin throughout their life cycle that negatively impacts their health and production (Altan et al., 2003). These include sexing, transportation, vaccination, heat, cold, light, peak production, intensive...
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INTRODUCTION Natural antioxidants play important roles in maintaining chicken health, productive and reproductive performance of breeders, layers, rearing birds, and growing broilers. There is a wide range of antioxidant molecules in the body. Some of them are supplied with feed (vitamin E, carotenoids, selenium), others are synthesized in tissues (ascorbic acid, coenzyme Q [CoQ], carnitine, taurine, antioxidant enzymes, etc.). In the body all...
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INTRODUCTION Commercial poultry production is associated with a range of stresses, including environmental, technological (Surai and Fisinin, 2016a), nutritional, and internal/biological (Surai and Fisinin, 2016b) ones. It is believed that these stresses are responsible for decreased productive and reproductive performance of poultry (Surai, 2002), and, at the molecular level, most stresses are associated with oxidative stress and damage to important...
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Stress is a nonspecific response of the body to any demand. This biological response to stimuli that disturb its normal biological equilibrium. In this discussion, big Stressor is stress of heat external & internal effects on liver, especially. It’s a proven fact that modern poultry genotype produces more heat due to greater MBR (Metabolic activity). In chicken, air sacs are very important during panting used for heat exchange between body and environment. Increase panting...
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Biosecurity is a major consideration for egg farmers across the world, and can be regarded as the ecosystem of measures capable of preventing the spread of harmful organisms to animals to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. Strong biosecurity requires all preventative measures to work collaboratively, from vaccines to physical barriers, hygiene practices, personal protective equipment (PPE) and bio-monitoring. It is essential that all elements are working in sync, with no...
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