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By: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Eggs are one of nature’s most nutritious and economical foods. But it’s important that you take care when handling and preparing fresh eggs and egg products.
The inside of eggs that appear...
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I. INTRODUCTION Over the last few decades, laying hen performance potential has largely been improved by genetic selection: egg production increased from 11.8 to 21.0 kg eggs per hen housed, FCR reduced from 3.29 to 1.96, mortality from 19.1 to 5.6% and body weight from 2.42 to 2.20 kg between 1970 and 2000 (Jeroch, 2011). Production cycles of 100 weeks without moulting will become commercially feasible based on improved laying persistence, although egg shell quality is still a...
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The Institute for Feed Education and Research (IFEEDER) released a new report that found that U.S. domestic livestock and pets consumed nearly 284 million tons of safe, high quality and nutritious food in 2019. The report also provides expert economic analysis on how the coronavirus pandemic may impact the industry’s growth over the next five years. “In 2017, IFEEDER released first-of-its-kind research that gave the U.S. animal feed industry the most precise, comprehensive...
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What Is Preconditioning? Preconditioning means to condition or prepare a material before it is processed further. In the context of extrusion processes, preconditioning occurs just prior to extrusion inside a piece of equipment called a...
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Overview – What Is Extrusion? The word extrusion means shaping a material or a blend of materials that can be plasticized (able to be melted and become fluid-like), and is pumpable by forcing through a restricted opening or die . The versatility of the process is evident in its ability to produce different types of foods. The power of the process can be further appreciated by its ability to create foods of varying textures...
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INTRODUCTION The acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) has affected shrimp farming in several countries, like, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Mexico and in Philipines.1-6 The unique symptoms and characteristics of this disease consisting of massive sloughing of hepatopancreas epithelial cells. The external symptoms in infected shrimp like, empty stomach, bluish body color and shrunken hepatopancreas could be observed. The rate of mortaly is significantly higher...
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DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Phytase has been regularly incorporated into commercial poultry diets due to its relatively low cost and effectiveness at hydrolyzing phytate (IP6; myo-inositol 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexakis dihydrogen phosphate; Bedford and Cowieson, 2009). Dephosphorylation through phytase supplementation is needed for birds to access this source of P and also to prevent the chelation of IP6 with other nutrients such as amino acids and minerals (Nelson, 1967; Ravindran et...
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1. Introduction The process of industrialization of the poultry sector has achieved a high degree of automation, however, such progress does not translate into an improvement in the quality of the meat, rather, they contribute to increase the microbial load of the poultry carcasses gaining importance today Campylobacter spp, among other microorganisms involved in food-(ETAs) transmitted diseases [1]. Infections among species of the family or Campylobacteraceae ...
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Introduction The scientific conference entitled "Frontiers in Agricultural Sustainability: Studying the Protein Supply Chain to Improve Dietary Quality" hosted by New York Academy of Sciences highlighted growing controversies on meat consumption by humans in the U.S. (Wu et al. 2014). Over the past decades, there have been growing concerns that consumption of red meat (e.g., beef) increases risks for obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, colon cancer...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites with adverse effects on human and animal health. To date, more than 400 different molecules, produced by several types of fungi, have been characterized [1]. Because of their high toxicity, aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 (AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 , and AFG 2 ) are the most important, and are produced by the species of Aspergillus section...
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I. INTRODUCTION Papers have been presented at the past two APSS meetings on the subject of low protein diets (Kidd and Choct, 2017; Hilliar and Swick, 2018; Lambert and Corrent, 2018). Few, if any, have taken note of the economics of such diets. This paper is an examination of the costs of low protein diets. A brief history of amino acids is worth reviewing. Each time a limiting amino acid became available commercially, and was used, the protein level of broiler diets was...
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Both glucose and amino acids are essential for muscle protein deposition and feed conversion efficiency. Total tract nitrogen retention was reported to be influenced by protein and starch digestion in broiler chickens (Liu et al., 2013). Embracing the concept of digestive dynamics and applying it in practical diet formulation requires understanding of the variations of protein and starch digestion rates in different ingredients. This present study evaluated protein and starch digestion rates...
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Introduction Animal-source feedstuffs are generally superior to plant-source ones for the growth and health of livestock, poultry, and fish (Wu 2018). This is due, in part, to the greater quantity of proteinogenic amino acids (AAs) and higher quality (the ratios and digestibilities of AAs) of the former than the latter. Traditionally, extensive research has focused on AAs that are not synthesized by animal cells and are known as nutritionally essential AAs (EAAs), including...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are natural contaminants commonly found in plant-derived foodstuffs, mainly cereals and their by-products. Since these raw materials are added as ingredients in feed formulation for different animal species, including cultivated fish, the risk of mycotoxin contamination in feed for aquaculture has increased, thus introducing contaminants (i.e., mycotoxins), which were not previously identified in fish tissues [1]. Diverse studies reported mycotoxin...
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Introduction Coronaviruses belong to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Coronavirinae [1], and are characterized by their large genome, helical nucleocapsids, and unique method of gene expression [2]. The subfamily includes four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and the more recently discovered Deltacoronavirus [3]. Coronaviruses are typically species specific and can infect a variety of birds and mammals [2]. In humans,...
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Feed mixing and delivery is one of the most important activities on the dairy. Mixing and feeding a total mixed ration (TMR) is a multiple-times-per-day activity. Doing this job accurately and consistently time and time again, batch after batch and day after day is critical to production (volume and components), animal health and overall farm economics.
Accuracy and consistency of mixing and feed delivery may be one of the greatest effectors of production and feed efficiency on the...
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1. Introduction Maize is the most common energy source used in commercial monogastric diets, especially in the American, Southern Europe and most Asian countries where maize grain is the primary cereal for poultry feeds (Dei, 2017). However, the nutritional value of maize for livestock feeding can vary (Cowieson, 2005). Genotype, agronomic conditions and pre- and post-harvest processing can affect the chemical characteristics of cereal grains (Gehring et al., 2013). Indeed...
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INTRODUCTION Free radicals are responsible for aging and causative agents of various human diseases. Antioxidant compounds play an important role in various fields such as medical field (to treat cancers, cardiovascular disorders, and chronic inflammations), cosmetics (anti-aging process) and food industries (food preservative) [1]. Seaweeds contain reactive antioxidant molecules, such as ascorbate and glutathione (GSH) when fresh, as well as secondary metabolites including...
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Introduction In Egypt, shrimp culture has fluctuated progress. Although shrimp culture is profitable, but shrimp disease is still one of the major problems. Shrimp’s origin is from the eastern Pacific waters. In practice of shrimp culture, shrimp farmers often use their habit and experience, including the harvest time ( Nour et al ., 2004). Litopenaeus vannamei is the most important penaeid shrimp species farmed earth ( Alcivar- Warren...
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