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ABSTRACT Poultry diets are formulated primarily using cereals and protein meals (corn, wheat and soybean meal) as the main ingredients. There is noted shift in using coproducts from cereals and oilseeds in poultry diets due to availability and relatively lower cost. However, there is wide variation in the nutritional values of both conventional feedstuffs and coproducts, which creates a necessity of developing routine...
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Introduction In swine industry, the weaning transition is a complex period during which the piglets have to cope with abrupt separation from their dam, mixing with other litters in a usually new environment and switch from highly digestible feed (milk) to a less digestible more complex solid feed; hence weaning is a stressful experience for the piglets involving nutritional, psychological, environmental, microbiological, and immunological stresses (Lalles 2008), which could...
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INTRODUCTION Saccharomyces boulardii as a probiotic yeast “Probiotics” were first conceptualized at the start of the 20th century by Elie Metchnikoff’s discovery of the immunological benefit of lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk. Today, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are among the most important and widely consumed probiotics (Table 1). Species from other bacterial genera such as Escherichia, Bacillus and Enterococcus have...
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1. Introduction In commercial dairy and beef production, a range of stresses are responsible for economic losses associated with the decreased productive and reproductive performance of cows. It has been shown that at the molecular level, nutritional, technological, environmental and internal stresses lead to the overproduction of free radicals, the disturbance of the redox balance, and oxidative stress [1,2]. It is well known that oxidative stress (an imbalance between free...
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Introduction Silver has long been known to exhibit a strong toxic activity towards a wide range of microorganisms, for this reason silver based compounds have been extensively used in many bactericidal applications. Nano particles due to their large surface area are highly reactive and Ag Nano particles have been tested in various fields of biological sciences, Viz drug delivery, wound treatment, binding with HIV gp120 protein , in water treatment and as antibacterial compound...
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Background Investigations in reducing dietary crude protein (CP) in chickens began in the early 1940’s, which commenced nearly a century of exploration in this area of poultry nutrition research. Advances have been made, but many of the hurdles identified in the 1940’s vex poultry nutrition researchers today. Most notably, in the early 1940’s research was carried out in chickens fed various diets substituted with ingredients differing in protein and energy...
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Due to the projections of accelerated growth of world population, it is essential to increase the production of proteins from animal and plant origin. Insects have been used as an alternative protein source for humans (entomophagy) and other animals because of their greater efficiency in food conversion and less environmental impact (Van Huis et al. 2013, Van Huis 2013, Van Huis 2020). Edible insect larvae contain an average of 54% protein, including essential amino acids and vitamin...
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Introduction Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen commonly associated with raw poultry and poultry products causing 1.2 million illnesses, 23,000 hospitalizations and 450 deaths, annually in the United States [1]. Between 2009 and 2015, 15% of the top 5 pathogen-food category pair out-breaks were attributed to Salmonellosis associated with chicken consumption [2]. To reduce the prevalence of Salmonella , poultry processors apply antimicrobial...
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1. Introduction Avena sativa, commonly known as oats, is a cereal belonging to the Poaceae grass family that has traditionally been used as animal feed, particularly for horses and dairy cows. In recent years, the beneficial nutritional and physiological effects of oat products have generated an increase in nutrition-conscious consumer demand. The characteristic feature of oat grains is the favourable profile of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and essential unsaturated...
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Summary: - A growing population that we have to feed by 2050, approximately 9,000 million inhabitants. - Climate change, global warming, atmospheric phenomena (Hurricanes, floods, prolonged drought that drastically affects grain crops). - Overfishing in our seas that are decimating and extinguishing some marine species. ...
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1. Introduction Taste perception influences feed intake guiding nutrient choices [1,2]. It has been widely assumed that the sense of taste in avian species is not as accurate as in mammals, as they have fewer taste buds [3]. However, the ratio of taste buds to oral cavity volume in birds appears to be higher than in most mammals [4]. Recent behavioural and genomic studies have found that birds have a highly developed sense of taste [1,5,6]. Poultry possesses a...
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This study was aimed at assessing endogenous enzyme activities and utilisation of metabolisable energy by broiler chickens fed maize-based diets supplemented with phytase and carbohydrases. Birds were raised in cages in climate-controlled rooms. The jejunum and pancreas were collected at 10 and 24 d for analysis of endogenous digestive enzyme activities. Birds were also sampled at hatch and 24 d and analysed for gross energy, fat and crude protein contents. The data were used to calculate...
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I. INTRODUCTION A recent on Australian sorghum by Selle et al. (2017) that sorghum produced in Australia is used almost exclusively for feed, especially cattle, pigs and poultry. The objective of the present study is to assess the response of broiler chickens to diets based on sorghum, when supplemented with a combination of enzymes, targeting different substrates. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 648 male and female Ross 308 broiler chickens was randomly...
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1. Introduction Commercial poultry farming is one of the fastest growing and most promising industries in Bangladesh. Intensive production system, however, depends solely on compound feeds and ingredients cost of which represents 65–70% of total production cost of the poultry farming. Animal originated feed protein materials such as fish meal and meat & bone meal are usually added to poultry feed as high protein sources. Driven by a booming need for livestock...
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Background Canola is an offspring of rapeseed which belongs to the cabbage family or Brassicas. The genus Brassica also contains plants such as cabbage, radish, kale, mustard and cauliflower [10]. Rapeseed oil contains around 25- 45 % erucic acid whereas the meal contains about 110- 150 μmoles/g of aliphatic glucosinolates [12]. Rapeseed was cultivated more than 3000 years ago in India and 2000 years ago in China and Japan. The development of steam power resulted in better...
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Introduction A wide range of in vitro and in situ techniques are used as alternatives to in vivo measurement of ruminal fiber availability. Fiber digestibility and forage fragility are critical factors should to be considered in forage evaluation and diet formulation for ruminants. Digestive characters of dietary neutral detergent fibers (NDF) fraction have been reported to greatly affect feeding behavior, chewing activity, rate of particles...
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I. INTRODUCTION The optimum utilization of nutrients, especially energy and protein, by poultry is essential in commercial production. The efficiency of feed utilization has been improved through genetic development (Rege 1994), alongside feed processing and use of feed additives, especially microbial enzymes. Energy utilization in poultry can be measured by assessing metabolizable energy or net energy, which may be for production (NEp) or for maintenance (NEm). The NEp is...
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Animal breeding is an old practice developed by humans for the production of dairy foods (cattle), transport (horses), rodeo or recreational events (dogs and bison for instance). The task of domestication and/or specific animal breeding at the industrial level includes controlled mating, successful reproduction of captive species and mass production of selected strains for our own consumption or pleasure. This dates back to the Neolithic period (about 7000 BC) when the men started to settle...
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1. Introduction Liquid feed has become a popular feeding system for pigs in many European countries. It consists of a blend compound feed (mixture of raw materials “as fed”) with water or liquid food-industry co-products, in a central tank in the pig unit, before delivery through a pump-and-pipes mechanical system [1,2]. Liquid feed contains about 700–800 g of water per kg, since the capacity of the pump-and-pipes devices determines the upper limit for dry...
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