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Energy in poultry diets
While protein, vitamins and minerals are referred to as nutrients, energy -the 4th and most costly part of the diet- is not a nutrient but the property of energy yielding nutrients. Dietary nutrients that yield energy are protein, fat and carbohydrates. Dietary energy level is the main factor influencing feed intake, as birds will, under normal circumstances, eat to satisfy their energy needs. Therefore the dietary nutrients, protein vitamins and minerals should vary in relation to the dietary energy content of the diet, if they are not to become deficient, with low feed intakes, or overconsumed, with low energy diets. While there are a number of factors, such as level of protein, balance of essential amino acids and perhaps level of some of the other dietary nutrients, that can influence the cost of a diet, the level of dietary energy is usually the main factor influencing diet cost.
Dr. Nelson Ruiz shares with Engormix members his research on this quantitative approach to improve feed formulation, presented at the International Poultry Scientific Forum at IPPE 2022 in Atlanta.
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Dr. Nelson Ruiz shares his advice with Engormix members regarding these two different ingredients....
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1. Introduction The conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into the protein of chicken-meat is indeed a dynamic process. Quite typically, broiler chickens attain a live weight of 2.918 kg at 42 days post-hatch and a carcass weight of 2.151 kg following processing. This translates to 376 g of carcass protein as a Ross 308 broiler carcass contains 175 g/kg protein [1]. Broiler chickens consume 4.702 kg of feed over 42 days with dietary protein contents declining from 230 to...
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1. Introduction Available energy in feed or feed ingredients for poultry can be measured by different systems, with the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) [1], despite its limitations [2,3], being the commonly accepted and extensively used system. Three methods, namely, direct, substitution (or difference), and regression, have been used to determine the AME of ingredients for poultry. In each method, the excreta can be collected by total collection, which is the...
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1. Introduction Often a seemingly straightforward aspect of nutrition reveals itself to be, upon closer inspection, not so simple after all. An illustration of such a conundrum is the nutrition of the newly hatched broiler chick. Conceptualizing the different challenges faced by the hatchling and solving them should be remarkably simple, but the difficulty lies in the complexity in the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), digestive physiology, immune system, and...
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Introductions: Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) encapsulated in feed grains' cell walls contain valuable nutrients that may be wasted since some animals' endogenous enzymes cannot digest them. Xylanase feed additives degrade grain cell walls, releasing entrapped nutrients to the animal. The soluble portion of NSPs increase digesta viscosity, slowing the passage of feed through the digestive system and preventing an animal's natural enzymes from acting upon...
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1. Introduction Effective functionality and health of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are important factors in determining animal performance [1]. These aspects are particularly relevant in poultry farming, where animals capable of growing rapidly within a short period of time are needed. Three components of gut health have previously been suggested: diet, mucosa (which is, in turn, characterized by the digestive epithelium, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the...
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INTRODUCTION The poultry gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is home to a complex, dynamic, and variable bacterial-dominated microbiota (Zhu et al., 2002). This GIT microbiome variation may be explained by different host characteristics and environmental factors (Kers et al., 2018), including birds age (Ballou et al., 2016; Pedroso et al., 2016), sex (Torok et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2013), type and breed (Videnska et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2015), and GIT regions (Yeoman et al., 2012)....
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Edgar Oviedo-Rondón (North Carolina State University) went over the research presented in different papers on this subject, during IPPE 2022 in Atlanta, USA....
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I. INTRODUCTION The concept of “fast” and “slow” proteins in human nutrition was enunciated by Beaufrère et al. (2000) and consideration has been given to protein and starch digestive dynamics in poultry by Liu and Selle (2015). However, the digestion rate of protein has a greater bearing on broiler growth performance than that of starch (Liu et al. 2014). Thus, the objective of this experiment was to compare the effects of ten nutritionally...
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Dietary fat and oil are potential alternative energy sources for fast growing broiler chickens (Meng et al., 2004). Nevertheless, hampered fat digestion and absorption were reported in young broiler chickens with incompletely developed digestive tract (Al-Marzooqi and Leeson, 2000). Addition of emulsifier and lipases to a diet is one strategy to improve energy utilization and subsequent growth performance in broiler chickens when fed a high fat diet (Siyal et al., 2017). Studies...
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Let’s talk about Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA). In this video, Lukas Bauer, Manager Technical Consultancy for GuanAMINO® at Evonik Animal Nutrition, highlights why GAA is so crucial for Improving animal’s performance land to optimized production costs ...
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1. Introduction It is well known that female and male broilers chickens are separately reared in the Italian production system, as the consumers seek three different market classes of birds: the so-called light-, medium- and heavy-size broilers. In particular, heavy birds are male broiler chickens that reach 3.4–3.6 kg of live weight during 54–58 day rearing cycles, in order to provide carcasses around 2.5- to 2.6-kg for the production of cut-up and further processed...
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INTRODUCTION Leucine (Leu) is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) that is essential for poultry species. It is one of the most potent amino acids regarding its effects on protein synthesis and degradation, energy balance regulation, modulation of insulin secretion, a nitrogen donor for muscle production and a critical regulator to initiate the translation and protein synthesis (Antony et al. , 2002; Norton et al. , 2006; Wu, 2009). Leu acts as a signal that...
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Soybean meal (SBM) is an ingredient with a high digestibility of protein, Lys, and Met. An optimal heating process of SBM is required to eliminate antinutritional components that negatively interfere with digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients. The effect of 3 commercial SBM batches were subjected to different heat treatments to evaluate its effect on growth performance and intestinal integrity. A total of 1,860 male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were vaccinated at 1d of age with a...
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A study was conducted to determine the effects of crude protein (CP) reduction with amino acid (AA) balanced diets on growth, carcass yields, litter characteristics, and ecological footprint of feeds in mixed-sex broilers. A total of 2,688 Cobb MV × 500 FF broilers were allotted to 4 treatments (14 replicates of 48 birds per pen) from 11 to 36 d of age reared in an open-sided barn. Dietary treatments included: 1) Control diet (C) with DL-Met+L-Lys+L-Thr, 2) C+L-Val 3) C+L-Val+L-Ile and...
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INTRODUCTION It is important to estimate precisely the energy value of feedstuffs and diets, either for least-cost formulation or for adapting feed supply to the metabolizable energy requirements of broilers. Unfortunately, such energy is not used with 100% of efficiency for production, because during metabolism, around 15% of the energy is wasted as heat, and this is commonly referred to as heat increment or specific dynamic action. In fact, net energy values vary with bird...
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Introduction Barley ranks fourth in global cereal production after corn, wheat and rice. About 65% of the world’s barley produced is fed to animals, including poultry. Australia is a significant global producer of barley, ranking in the top five countries with about 5% of global production and is among the top three barley exporters accounting for about 30% of malt and 20% of feed barley trade. Australia is a reliable supplier of two row...
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Dietary protease supplementation has been observed to improve broiler growth performance and amino acid digestibility (Angel et al., 2011; Fru-Nji et al., 2011). Improvements in broiler energy utilisation have also been observed with supplemental protease (Sorbara, 2009; Freitas et al., 2011). These positive extra-proteinaceous effects may be influenced by age and diet type. In addition, these effects may vary throughout the broiler small intestine. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to...
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