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Energy in poultry diets
While protein, vitamins and minerals are referred to as nutrients, energy -the 4th and most costly part of the diet- is not a nutrient but the property of energy yielding nutrients. Dietary nutrients that yield energy are protein, fat and carbohydrates. Dietary energy level is the main factor influencing feed intake, as birds will, under normal circumstances, eat to satisfy their energy needs. Therefore the dietary nutrients, protein vitamins and minerals should vary in relation to the dietary energy content of the diet, if they are not to become deficient, with low feed intakes, or overconsumed, with low energy diets. While there are a number of factors, such as level of protein, balance of essential amino acids and perhaps level of some of the other dietary nutrients, that can influence the cost of a diet, the level of dietary energy is usually the main factor influencing diet cost.
The use of barley in broiler diets is limited because of the presence of β-glucans, which negatively influence nutrient utilisation and bird performance. These negative effects may be partly overcome by exogenous carbohydrases containing β-glucanases. In the current study, the influence of a multi-component carbohydrase (Ronozyme multigrain, DSM Nutritional Products, Singapore) on nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn; assay 1), and, apparent ileal digestibility...
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Feed represents 65-75% of total production cost while energy represents approximately 50% of the diet cost. Apparent metabolisable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEn) is most commonly used in poultry feed formulation. AMEn, however, does not consider energy lost during digestion as heat increment (HI). AMEn minus HI gives net energy (NE) which is energy available to the bird. An equation to predict net energy for production of ingredients for layers has been developed at UNE....
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I. INTRODUCTION Necrotic enteritis (NE) is of great concern to the poultry industry due to its deteriorating impact on production and increasing mortality, resulting in a US$6 billion global economic loss (Wade and Keyburn, 2015). The causative agent of NE is Clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic bacterium. The subclinical form of NE is financially more devastating than the clinical form. This is due to a lack of obvious symptoms resulting in a delayed...
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I. INTRODUCTION Microbial enzymes are now routinely used in broiler chicken diets to reduce the effects of antinutritive factors (ANF) in feed and/or improve the digestion of nutrients (Bedford, 2011). There is a suite of enzymes that target ANF such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and phytic acid as well as products which improve the digestion of nutrients such as protein and minerals. The major cereals used in poultry diets are wheat, maize, sorghum and barley. The objective of...
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1. Introduction Broiler chicken feed represents approximately 75% of production costs, a figure that is expected to increase due to the commodity nature of animal feed ingredients, especially soybean oil, a primary raw material in feed production [1,2]. Currently, there are few alternative energy sources to soybean oil available for reducing production costs in poultry farming. Given these challenges, there is a growing need to explore alternative energy sources in broiler...
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Dr. Óscar Vázquez from Evonik highlights how high-digestibility ingredients, metabolic additives, and GuanAMINO supplementation improve energy utilization, reduce feed costs, and enhance broiler performance sustainably. ...
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All commercial poultry eat with reasonably good precision to balance nutrient intake with requirements. Short term, there can be some variation in feed intake related to local situations, but long-term, the mechanisms of feed intake regulation are quite precise. Matching nutrient needs with intake is an obvious inherent evolutionary necessity to ensure survival and reproduction. A bird’s daily consumption of feed ultimately governs its health, growth, body composition and potential for...
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I. INTRODUCTION Modern broilers grow 5 times faster on 40% less feed than they did 60 years ago (Zuidhof et al., 2014). Because high body weight (BW) correlates negatively with reproduction and health (Decuypere et al., 2010), the severity of broiler breeder feed restriction increases every year relative to broiler growth potential. This intensifies competition for feed, resulting in unequal distribution of feed and poor flock uniformity. Achieving and maintaining high flock...
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I. INTRODUCTION Whole grain feeding (WGF) involves the partial substitution of ground grain with whole grain in boiler diets. Whole grain (WG), usually wheat, may be added either prior to (prepellet) or following (post-pellet) steam-pelleting. WGF generates heavier and presumably more functional gizzards, which are thought to be the genesis of responses in feed conversion ratios (FCR) and energy utilisation (Liu et al., 2015). However, post-pellet WGF also provides broilers with the...
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1. Introduction “Feed-food competition” was defined as “the tensions and trade-offs between two alternative uses for edible crops: direct consumption by humans versus feeding livestock” (1). However, feed-food competition includes the use of production resources, such as land, wild fish, and water, and labor, capital, and ecosystem services. The allocation of these resources between all their possible uses is often determined by which end use is most...
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Corn remains the primary energy source in poultry diets. However, not all corn delivers equal nutritional value. Poor grain quality can significantly reduce its Metabolizable Energy (ME) for poultry, affecting both bird performance and production cost. Energy Loss Equation in Poultry Due to Poor-Quality Corn Barbarino and Rostagno (2001) developed an equation to estimate the Metabolizable Energy Lost (MEL) in poultry feed based on corn...
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INTRODUCTION Nutrient requirement for any ingredient is defined as the amount of that nutrient which must be supplied in the diet to meet the needs of the normal health of an animal in an environment compatible with good health. It can also be said to be the amount of a given nutrient required by the animal to maximize performance. Formulation of a balanced diet is fundamental to economical poultry production, and this process depends on knowledge of nutrient requirements of poultry...
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Introduction Fat is an essential component in broiler feed, serving as a highly concentrated energy source and playing a crucial role in growth performance, feed efficiency, and meat quality. Selecting the right fat source is critical to balancing cost-effectiveness, energy value, and essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements. In this article, we will compare Beef Tallow, Soya Crude Oil, and Rice Bran Crude Oil as fat sources in broiler diets, analyze their cost and nutritional...
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INTRODUCTION The ability to maintain an affordable, safe, and sustainable food supply is a global challenge. Meat consumption trends are changing, with increasing preferences for cheaper and processed white meat and a decline in cereals share of the total food (Sefeedpari et al., 2013; Faridi et al., 2011). The consequent increases in poultry meat production by a factor of seven (3206%) and eggs by a factor of three have overburdened sustainable production (Sousa et al., 2005)....
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Dr. Peter Selle
By Prof. Eugeni Roura
President, WPSA Australian Branch
Dr. Peter Selle has been a dedicated and passionate figure in the Australian poultry industry for over...
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Nelson Ruiz (Nelson Ruiz Nutrition, LLC) shares an overview of his research on KOH solubility, trypsin inhibitors, and over and underprocessing in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2025 in Atlanta, USA....
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Mike Persia (Virginia Tech) discusses direct-fed microbials, their modes of action, and their positive impact on energy and eggshell quality in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2025 in Atlanta, USA....
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Mike Persia (Virginia Tech) explains his research on the use of emulsifiers to improve feeding efficiency and its impact on performance, egg quality, and abdominal fat pads in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2025 in Atlanta, USA....
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Chongxiao (Sean) Chen (University of Georgia) comments on the interaction of energy and amino acid density in broiler feed as a critical factor for growth optimization in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2025 in Atlanta, USA....
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