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Amino acids in poultry nutrition
Adequate provision of dietary amino acids is required to maintain normal immunocompetence and protection of the host from some diseases in all species (Beski et al. 2015). Therefore, the development of immune function in poultry will be promoted if they receive sufficient amino acids in their diets. The essential amino acids for poultry are arginine, glycine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, cystine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Out of these, the ones critical in practical diets are arginine, lysine, methionine, cystine and tryptophan.
INTRODUCTION Variability in the nutritional value of feed ingredients for poultry (and indeed other livestock species) has been widely reported over several decades and has been the impetus behind a sustained body of research work. For example, Sibbald and Slinger (1962), Mollah et al. (1983), and Leeson et al. (1993) reported variation in the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) content of corn (3,476–3,960 kcal/kg dry matter [DM]), wheat (2,948–3,960 kcal/kg DM),...
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INTRODUCTION Studies from humans and rats have showed the intestinal epithelium represents the largest area of exposure of the body to external pathogens and toxins (Abreu, 2010; Slack et al., 2012). The secretory immune system, including secretory IgA (sIgA) and the mucus, serves as the first line of defense to limit epithelial contact with pathogenic microorganisms and other potentially dangerous antigens (Abreu, 2010; Slack et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2015). Immunoglobulin A...
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1. Introduction The modern broiler chickens are always vulnerable to impaired nutrient digestion, dysbacteriosis, cocci challenges, and exposure to Clostridium perfringens resulting in poor gut health and production performance. Previously, endogenous proteases were deemed to be sufficient for feed protein digestion [1, 2] despite the possibility of a considerable amount of undigested dietary protein reaching the hind gut [3-6]. Apajalahti and Vienola [7] are of the opinion that...
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Background Investigations in reducing dietary crude protein (CP) in chickens began in the early 1940’s, which commenced nearly a century of exploration in this area of poultry nutrition research. Advances have been made, but many of the hurdles identified in the 1940’s vex poultry nutrition researchers today. Most notably, in the early 1940’s research was carried out in chickens fed various diets substituted with ingredients differing in protein and energy...
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Introduction Animal-source feedstuffs are generally superior to plant-source ones for the growth and health of livestock, poultry, and fish (Wu 2018). This is due, in part, to the greater quantity of proteinogenic amino acids (AAs) and higher quality (the ratios and digestibilities of AAs) of the former than the latter. Traditionally, extensive research has focused on AAs that are not synthesized by animal cells and are known as nutritionally essential AAs (EAAs), including...
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Practical AMINONIR® Application: From sampling to economic benefits
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Ben Letor, Director of Innovad, introduces Vitalite Energy Chick, during VIV Asia 2017, in Thailand. This is a unique form and texture encourage intake from young birds. An innovative gel technology for on farm use – Nutritional and rehydration supplement for day old chicks. It is a booster that offers different protective and active ingredients to ensure a proper intestinal start-up....
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I. INTRODUCTION Metabolizable energy (ME), digestible amino acids (dAA) and available phosphorus (avP) are the largest and most expensive components in broiler diets, considerable fractions of which still pass through the digestive tract undigested and are lost via excretion (Ravindran et al., 2013), hence, emphasizing the need for higher nutrient usage efficiency than current practice. Ability of carbohydrases to degrade non-starch polysaccharides and liberate caged starch and...
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Due to the world’s population increase, egg production is expected to develop rapidly and, to increase egg production, the goal is to enhance laying persistency while maintaining egg quality (Bain et al., 2016). As they age, laying hens gradually decrease productivity and eggshell quality (Dunn, 2013). Oxidative stress is an important factor of ageing and selenium (Se), being an essential mineral involved in several antioxidant processes, can play an important role influencing both...
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Low protein (LP) diets have clear benefits for the poultry industry with regards to health, welfare and production. Dean et al., (2006) found that supplementing LP diets with glycine (Gly) and essential amino acids (AAs) can maintain performance similar to that seen on a standard protein (SP) diet. Further research into this concept proposes that supplementation of Gly precursors such as threonine (Thr) and serine (Ser) can overcome Gly deficiency in LP diets. Enzymes enabling these...
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I. INTRODUCTION Growing emphasis on environmental regulation requires global animal production to adopt strategies like feeding low CP diets to minimize nitrogen excretion. However, in some of the animal feeding studies, lowering dietary CP beyond a certain level showed undesirable effects on growth performance and carcass quality of broilers. A number of explanatory approaches is being debated as the possible reasons for the consequences of lowering dietary CP on broiler...
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One benefit of low protein (LP) diets is improving gut health in a future of antibiotic-growth promoter free diets. Drew et al., (2004) found an interaction between dietary crude protein (CP) and proliferation of Clostridium perfringens, a pathogenic bacterium identified to cause clinical and sub-clinical necrotic enteritis (NE), which costs the poultry industry US$6 billion dollars annually (Wade and Keyburn, 2015). Keerqin et al., (2017) observed improvements in body weight with excess...
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Both glucose and amino acids are essential for muscle protein deposition and feed conversion efficiency. Total tract nitrogen retention was reported to be influenced by protein and starch digestion in broiler chickens (Liu et al., 2013). Embracing the concept of digestive dynamics and applying it in practical diet formulation requires understanding of the variations of protein and starch digestion rates in different ingredients. This present study evaluated protein and starch digestion rates...
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I. INTRODUCTION Food waste refers to “the discarding or alternative (non-food) use of food that was fit for human consumption - by choice or after the food has been left to spoil or expire as a result of negligence” (FAO, 2015). It is estimated that the global economic loss caused by food waste is US$ 1 trillion annually. The wasted amount of cereals, root crops, fruits and vegetables, fish, oilseeds, meat and dairy products in the food industry has been estimated to...
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Dr. Megan Edwards, Animal Nutrition Consultant at Integral Nutrition, goes deeper on the importance of Betaine as a multi-functional nutrient with numerous positive effects on animal performance....
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I. INTRODUCTION Papers have been presented at the past two APSS meetings on the subject of low protein diets (Kidd and Choct, 2017; Hilliar and Swick, 2018; Lambert and Corrent, 2018). Few, if any, have taken note of the economics of such diets. This paper is an examination of the costs of low protein diets. A brief history of amino acids is worth reviewing. Each time a limiting amino acid became available commercially, and was used, the protein level of broiler diets was...
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DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Quail egg production is an important market for human consumption in some countries, including Brazil, China, and Japan. Studies are very important to enable a rational production for information on setting a correct feeding program for these birds. The level of a single essential amino acid that is either deficient or in excess may result in a diet that does not optimize the economic efficiency of a...
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1 Introduction Amino acids (AAs) are the building blocks of protein, which is the major dry matter component of growth in chickens and their eggs (Baker 2009). As foods for humans, poultry and eggs provide high-quality protein that contains sufficient amounts and proper ratios of AAs, therefore playing an important role in the growth, development, and health of humans (McNeill et al. 2017; Réhault-Godbert et al. 2019). Chicken or poultry byproducts are also low-cost...
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A balanced broiler chicken diet requires essential (EAA) and non-essential (NEAA) amino acids to attain maximum growth. However, the optimal ratio of these two dietary AA groups may change with different growth rates but this is not fully understood (Heger, 2003). In addition, commercial broiler feeds are formulated based on average flock requirements of EAA, hence neglecting NEAA ratios and potential individual variations. Consequently, it is expected that commercial broiler diets for...
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In some companies, fertility and hatchability start to decrease during the last weeks of production, for example after 50 weeks, at the same time there is a loss of feathers in the back or there is an overweight of the egg. How can we improve fertility and hatchability in the last phase of production of broiler breeders? To improve fertility and hatchability we must evaluate three important points: (a) management of the roosters, (b) hen feather cover and (c) egg size. ...
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