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INTRODUCTION Research to determine the nutritional needs of most micronutrients for pigs was done mainly before the decade of 1990 and focused on avoiding nutritional deficiencies (Gaudré and Quiniou, 2009). Nutritional reference tables represent the theoretical basis for pig feed formulations indicating minimum requirement levels of supplementation (NRC, 2012) or values for best cost to benefit in feed formulations (Rostagno et al., 2017). However, considering...
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1. Introduction Sapelovirus is a non-enveloped virus with a single strand positive-sense RNA genome. The virus within the Picornaviridae family belongs to the genus Sapelovirus [1] which contains three species, with a unique genome organization: Sapelovirus A formerly known as porcine sapelovirus (PSV), Sapelovirus B as simian sapelovirus, and Avian sapelovirus represented by duck picornavirus [1]. PSV consists of a single serotype, infects pigs and it is not known to infect...
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1. Updates on BVDV Infection in Swine Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an infection caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), belonging to the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, with single-stranded positive polarity RNA [1]. Viruses belonging to the Pestivirus genus infect hosts of several animal species and include viral agents of great impact for animal production [2,3]. The Pestivirus species have been recently named from A to K and, among them, the Pestivirus A...
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1. Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of domestic and wild suids currently threatening the global porcine industry [1,2]. Considered a notifiable disease to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), it has advanced remarkably in Africa, Europe, and Asia in recent years [3]. ASF is caused by an icosahedral, double-stranded DNA virus, the only member of the family Asfarviridae and the genus Asfivirus [4]. The current spread of African swine fever...
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1. Introduction Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are small DNA viruses and have four representatives, PCV-1, PCV-2, PCV-3, and tentatively, PCV-4. PCV-1 is known as non-pathogenic for pigs [1], while PCV-2 has been associated with several conditions known as porcine circovirus diseases (PCVDs) [2]. PCVDs include PCV-2 systemic disease (PCV-2-SD), PCV-2 reproductive disease (PCV-2-RD), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and PCV-2 subclinical infection (PCV-2-SI) [2]....
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INTRODUCTION Sows in transition from gestation to lactation are in a period of dramatic physiological change due to high nutrient demands of rapidly growing fetuses in utero, parturition, and lactation. These physiological changes require coordinated hormonal, nutritional, and management transitions to optimize piglet viability and postnatal growth (Theil, 2015). Inadequate preparation for these massive physiological changes could lead to increased stillbirth rate,...
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Enterococcus Faecium CECT 4515 (Fecinor®) as an alternative to medicated feed on nursery pig diets
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1. Introduction
The increased awareness of potential negative effects of including antibiotic growth promoters in diets fed to pigs has resulted in an increased interest in producing pigs without using antibiotic growth promoters. However, by eliminating antibiotic growth promoters from diets fed to newly weaned pigs, disease problems may be increased and growth performance may be reduced. In contrast, removal of antibiotic growth promoters from diets fed to...
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1. Introduction The first set of cases of African swine fever (ASF) in Latvia were detected in the wild boar population at the eastern border with Belarus in June 2014 [1–3]. The disease continued to spread over most of the territory of Latvia within the following years [4–6]. Similar to other ASF affected countries, the infection cycle is maintained by wild boar and this remains a permanent threat for the domestic pig industry [1,7,8]. In parallel, to the epidemic...
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1. Introduction Classical swine fever (CSF), a list-A disease classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), is considered as a transboundary animal disease by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) [1]. The disease causes high morbidity and mortality in both feral and domestic pigs and can result in significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide [2]. Currently, it is present in many countries in Asia, the Caribbean islands,...
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1. Introduction Increasing robustness, resilience and efficiency of livestock are pivotal topics in animal science because of their importance to profitable meat and dairy production, but also for ethical, animal welfare and sustainability reasons [1,2]. In this review, we investigate and discuss potential benefits of omics technologies for optimizing stress resilience and reducing damaging behaviour in livestock, in particular pigs. Resilience, i.e., the capacity to quickly...
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1. Introduction A common challenge for most livestock industries is to identify more productive, efficient and sustainable pasture-based production systems that have a positive impact on animal welfare, biodiversity and long-term operation profitability without negatively affecting soil health. The way that the available resources (land, forage species, animals, infrastructure and climate) are organized and used to achieve the goals of the operation is key for sustainable animal...
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China's high demand for corn and soybeans is due to the fact that they have overcome the African Swine Fever crisis faster than estimates that it was for 2023, in addition to the replacement of lost Stocks during the first months of Covid-19 in the first semester of the year and to comply with the tariff agreements established with the USA. China is expected to import a record amount of more than 100 million tons of soybeans and corn when it planned to import about 7 for this year (They...
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1. Introduction African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the only member of the virus family Asfarviridae, and is the etiological agent that causes African swine fever (ASF). This large double-stranded DNA virus has more than 150 open reading frames (ORFs) that are encoded in the 180–190 kilobase genome. ASF disease can range from sub-clinical to lethal depending both on the specific host that is infected and the specific strain of virus [1]. Several sub-Saharan African...
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1. Introduction Environmental impacts derived from livestock production have received increasing attention in recent times [1], with pig production being one of the main contributors [2]. However, extensive systems generate a lower level of pollution than other livestock systems [3]. Many studies estimated the level of these impacts for conventional pig production through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is the most recognized methodology to do so [4]. One of the main...
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1. Swine Melioidosis Melioidosis, an infection endemic to Southeast Asia, northern Australia, and other tropical areas, is caused by the soil-dwelling Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is known to contaminate water sources [1]. The infections are cyclic and correlate with rainy seasons, which may be due to environmental disruptions such as flooding. While creating a major health concern for humans, B. pseudomallei is also a threat to various animals...
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Enterococcus Faecium CECT 4515 (Fecinor®) as an alternative to medicated feed on nursery pig diets
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Background Although selenium (Se) acts as part of hormones and enzymes influencing the activity of all organs and tissues, the major metabolic role of Se in the body is related to selenoproteins and the antioxidant system. However, in embryos, fetuses, and newborns, the synthesis of selenoproteins from Se-methionine (SeMet) is impaired due to the inactivity of cystathionine gamma lyase in the metabolic pathway, in spite of its mRNA expression [1, 2]. This would imply...
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1. Introduction Salmonella is one of the most important bacterial zoonotic and coincident food-borne pathogens worldwide and therefore one of the main causes of food-borne diseases in humans, especially caused by the serovars Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium [1,2]. At European the level, no significant increase or decrease in the number of human salmonellosis cases has been observed over the last years (2013–2017) [2]. In 2017, the declining trend of human...
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TUCKER, Ga. – The International Production & Processing Expo (IPPE) is excited to announce that IPPE Marketplace will take place Jan. 25-29, 2021. IPPE will continue to support the poultry, egg, meat and feed industries through its new, online IPPE Marketplace that...
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