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1. Introduction The Capsicum genus, which includes more than 30 species of flowering pepper plants, belongs to one of the most important families known as Solanaceae. Although developed countries continue to be the main producers of pepper crops, its cultivation provides an important source of income for small producers in many developing countries. Pepper is one of the most important vegetable crops contributing to significant foreign exchange earnings in Sub-Saharan Africa...
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INTRODUCTION Previous studies (Widmer e al., 2008; Kim et al., 2009; Jacela et al., 2010) have measured metabolizable energy (ME) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acid (AA) content in high-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) produced using the old front-end fractionation processes, and these data were used in developing nutrient composition tables in NRC (2012). These nutritional composition values appeared to be accurate for previous HP-DDG sources because...
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Preventive public health measures to cope with non-communicable and infectious diseases include improving immunity through better nutrition. Immune dysfunction is regarded as both a cause and a consequence of malnutrition. Malnutrition is a daily killer in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), and evidence suggests that susceptibility to and severity of infections increases with malnutrition, leading to illness and death. Undernutrition interacts with repeated bouts of infectious...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. The word mycotoxin is derived from the Greek radicals “mykes” and “toxicum”, meaning fungus and toxin, respectively. This term was coined after a veterinary outbreak in England in 1962, when approximately 100,000 turkey poultry died from the ingestion of aflatoxin-contaminated peanut meal [1]. Since then, mycotoxins have become an important issue in...
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1. Introduction Deoxynivalenol (DON), commonly known as vomitoxin, is a potent mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, and its presence in wheat, corn, and barley crops can lead to them being downgraded to livestock feed grade. Pigs, and in particular young piglets, are poorly tolerant to DON contamination. Although extremely high doses of contamination in feed (20 mg/kg feed) will induce vomiting [1,2], swine will tolerate lower-level feed contamination to...
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1. Introduction Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most commonly found mycotoxins in food and feed, especially those based on corn, beet pulp, wheat, rice, barley, oats, and soybeans. A 10-year survey based on the analysis of 74,821 commodities from 100 countries demonstrated that 45% of the samples were contaminated with ZEN, at levels ranging from 1.53 ppm in rice up to 23.3 ppm in wheat [1]. This nonsteroidal oestrogenic mycotoxin is produced by the fungi of the genus Fusarium...
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Introducing Afla-V ONE: Safe, Sustainable Aflatoxin Detection for Complete Feeds and Pet Foods
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1. Introduction Wheat is the cereal most consumed worldwide. Both bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) can be affected by Fusarium head blight (FHB). Within the Fusarium graminearum species complex, Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto is the main pathogen associated with FHB in Argentina. During the last 60 years, several epidemics of FHB of varying degrees of severity have occurred in Argentina. During 2012, a severe FHB outbreak...
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1. Introduction According to Regulation (EC) No 882/2004, Member States in Europe should establish and implement multi-annual control programs for contaminants in feed and food materials and derived products, to ensure that checks are regular and proportional to the risk for animal and human health [1]. In the Netherlands, descriptive (including trend) analyses of historical monitoring results and risk modelling are performed with the aim to obtain insights into which...
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1. Introduction Global warming due to climate change is becoming more certain and accepted. It is likely being exacerbated by human industrial activities, which at least offers the hope that it can be reduced by humans, in contrast to natural phenomena. The recent Paris agreement on climate change restricts increases to a maximum of 2°C, and rapid, significant action is anticipated by many. Nevertheless, the consequences of global warming are becoming more evident with each...
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In the first half of 2020, Life Rainbow Biotech randomly collected 208 feed samples of raw materials and feed mills in farms and analyzed. The samples were tested for aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), zearalenone, fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) and deoxynivalenol by the ELISA Mycotoxin analysis kit (Romer Labs®). Results: 208 feed samples collected, and 72.6% were contaminated with Fumonisins and 84.6% contaminated with deoxynivalenol (table 1 ). All the...
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1. Introduction Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite of certain species of the Aspergillus and Penicillium genus [1]. The chemical structure of OTA consists of weak organic acids with a dihydroisocumarin moiety joined by a peptide bond to 1-phenylalanine [2]. There are three ochratoxin forms, designated as A, B and C, which have slight structural differences; however, ochratoxin A (OTA) is chlorinated and is the most toxic one [3]. OTA contamination in Europe in the year...
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Mycotoxins are a group of structurally diverse secondary metabolites of fungi that occur as contaminants of grains worldwide. Aspergillus, Alternaria, Claviceps, Fusarium and Penicillium species of fungi are ubiquitous in nature and under ideal conditions often infect economically important crops during storage, shipment and processing. Many secondary metabolites produced by these fungi can cause serious health problems in poultry and their presence in agricultural commodities may result in...
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Introducing Afla-V ONE: Safe, Sustainable Aflatoxin Detection for Complete Feeds and Pet Foods
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are considered important contaminants of maize-based products (Abdallah et al. 2015). The natural occurrence of aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, patulin and penicillic acid is often observed in animal feed, and include the concomitant occurrence of two or more mycotoxins. These natural contaminants of cereals are found worldwide mainly in corn and its derived products. Pigs are highly susceptible to...
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Presence of mycotoxins in feed is one of the major constraints in maintain feed quality because the mycotoxins are widely present in feedstuffs around the world and may affect production even in very low concentration. The most widespread and in most studied group of mycotoxins, aflatoxins are of great concern in warm and humid climatic conditions like India (Singh et al. 2010). Aflatoxin in poultry causes reductions in growth performance (Silambarasan et al. 2013, Patil et al. 2013),...
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxin contaminations pose growing problem in animal production from the economic and toxicological point of view (Marczuk et al., 2012). The adverse effects of mycotoxins manifest both on the health status, production and reproduction in ruminants, (dairy cows specifically) (Violeta-Elana et al., 2010). Feedstuff can be infected by more than one fungus, each of them can produce several mycotoxins consequently, and it is common that many mycotoxins occur...
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Introduction Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of low molecular weights produced by certain strains of filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium, which invade crops in the field and may grow on foods during storage under favorable conditions of temperature and humidity (Shamsudeen et al., 2013). The most common mycotoxins are aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and out of which aflatoxins (AF) commonly contaminate a wide...
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Ruminants have a unique digestive physiology characterized by a pre-systemic fermentation and digestion of plant constituents such as cellulose by microorganisms comprising the ruminal flora. This particularity requires...
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1. Introduction Members of the Aspergillus spp., among many other toxigenic fungi, have been found to have a strong ecological link with human food supplies [1]. They are often associated with food and animal feed during drying and storage but may also occur as plant pathogens. Black aspergilli, Aspergillus classified into the section Nigri [2], have been isolated from a wide variety of food and are distributed worldwide (animal feed, cereals, cocoa, coffee, dried...
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Introducing Afla-V ONE: Safe, Sustainable Aflatoxin Detection for Complete Feeds and Pet Foods
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INTRODUCTION Fungi, especially filamentous fungi can engender secondary metabolites denominated mycotoxins that have deleterious impacts, such as estrogenic effect, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity in humanity and animal. Secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi can be more or less artificially divided in antibiotics that are toxic for microorganisms, phytotoxins that are toxic for plants along with mycotoxins that are toxic for human and animal....
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1. INTRODUCTION The field of nanotechnology is one of the most active research areas in modern materials science. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles and nanomaterials as an emerging highlight has been widely attributed in the convergence of nanotechnology and biomedical sciences which opens the avenues and possibilities for wide variety of biological research and medical uses at cellular and molecular level. In the current scenario, the use of biocompatible nanoparticles in...
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