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INTRODUCTION For feed chain stakeholders in an increasingly competitive marketplace, the bottom line can rise or fall with the contaminant levels in grain and other raw materials. The repercussions of feedstuffs that fail to meet the highest safety and quality standards can spread across the entire value chain, jeopardizing livestock health and the reputation and economic performance of multiple businesses and entire growing regions. Ultimately, toxic contaminants that slip...
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Introduction Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most cultivated cereals around the world. It has a relevant role in economy and society due to its high nutritional value and productive potential [1,2]. Brazil is the third major producer of corn, after the United States and China [3]. Most Brazilian states are corn producers, but the largest volume of the cereal is harvested in the mid-west, the southeast and the south regions. Considering the 2018/2019 corn harvest, the leading...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins, the secondary fungal metabolites of toxigenic species are mainly produced by the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. These toxigenic species predominantly contaminate cereals during pre- and post-harvest storage and many other stages [1]. The production of mycotoxins in grains depends on several factors, including humidity, temperature, water activity, mechanical damages and fungal toxigenic potentials [2]. Based on their toxicological...
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In 2021 mycotoxins semiannual survey, Life Rainbow Biotech randomly collected 163 feed samples of raw materials and feed mills in farms and analyzed. The samples were tested for aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), zearalenone, fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) and deoxynivalenol (DON) by the ELISA Mycotoxin analysis kit. Results: 163 feed samples collected, and 74.8% were contaminated with Zearalenone and 71.8% contaminated with Aflatoxins (table 1). The maximum concentrations of...
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1. Introduction
The appearance of new transmittable plant diseases is determined by anthropogenic and conservational change, including changes in trade, land use, and climate [1–4]. The growth of infected plant material through trade in plant products, germplasm, grafts, and live plants has been recognised as the greatest contributing factor to the emergence of new plant diseases [5–7]. A pathogen may be introduced without disease emergence initially...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced naturally by some species of filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium [1,2]. Fungal growth can occur before or after harvest, during storage, or in foods, especially in environments with high humidity and temperatures, followed by mycotoxin production. Most mycotoxins are chemically sta-ble and persist after food processing [3,4]. The most investigated mycotoxins are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1),...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are among the secondary metabolites released by molds, particularly fungi, which contaminate agricultural products pre-harvest, during harvest, and/or postharvest and mostly exhibit toxicity to animals and humans [1–3]. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone (ZEA), patulin, sterigmatocystins (STCs),citrinin, ergotamine, deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins, trichothecenes, etc. Human exposure to these mycotoxins can occur via...
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Climate change threatens future food security due to the probable increase in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns which could affect the distribution of where different crops may be viably grown 1,2 . Land suitability and capability classifications are used to evaluate the best growing areas for specific crops and to identify factors that might limit their growth 3,4 . Key factors in determining these classifications include fluctuations in moisture...
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Introduction The poultry industry in Nigeria is an essential subsector of agriculture that provides food, employment, and other economic resources for the country (Ezekiel et al. 2012a). Livestock production can be threatened when feeds are contaminated by fungi and their toxic metabolites. Several mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (AFs), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA ), fumonisins (FUMs ), nivalenol (N IV ) and zearalenone (ZEN) have been reported to contaminate poultry feed and their...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are harmful secondary metabolites produced by fungi that contaminate a wide range of food and feed products [1–3]. Depending on the frequency of occurrence and/or the severity of the disease that they produce, mycotoxins belonging to the aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and Fusarium toxin groups exert great impacts on animal/human health as well as on global trade [2,4]. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and deoxynivalenol (DON)...
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1. Introduction Fungi are the second largest group of eukaryotes that play a significant role in human health. The widespread prevalence of fungi in the environment and food chain makes them hazardous for humans. Mycotoxins contamination of agricultural produce is a serious threat to human health [1]. The ingestion of mycotoxins contaminated food, results acute and chronic toxicity to the humans and animals. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) suggested that about 25 % of...
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1. Introduction Avena sativa, commonly known as oats, is a cereal belonging to the Poaceae grass family that has traditionally been used as animal feed, particularly for horses and dairy cows. In recent years, the beneficial nutritional and physiological effects of oat products have generated an increase in nutrition-conscious consumer demand. The characteristic feature of oat grains is the favourable profile of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and essential unsaturated...
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Introduction
Aflatoxins (AF) are a major concern in poultry production and public health because of serious economic losses and health problems. AF contamination causes reduced feed quality and reduced animal efficiency either through poor conversion of nutrients or problems such as reproductive abnormalities. Aflatoxicosis in poultry also causes listlessness, anorexia with lowered growth rate, poor feed utilization, decreased egg production and increased mortality....
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INTRODUCTION As a fungal secondary metabolite of the Aspergillus species, aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is known to be the most toxigenic mycotoxin (Yunus et al., 2011). Feed contamination with AFB 1 has been a major feed safety concern due to its negative effects on growth performance, production, hepatic functions, and immune system in many livestock species (Ledoux et al., 1999; Yarru et al., 2009; Andretta et al., 2011; Grenier and Applegate,...
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