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Mycotoxin contamination is one of the serious threats to animal feed and human food manufacturing. Mold infection may occur at all stages from field crop planting to post-harvest storage and transportation. Even under good management, mycotoxin contamination caused by mold infection is considered an inevitable problem. In addition, many mycotoxins are not easily removed through processing, they are stable to heat, physical and chemical treatments. More than 500 types of mycotoxin have...
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1. Introduction Egypt started sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivation in 1848 when the first variety of the crop was imported from Jamaica. Since that time, sugarcane is cultivated for three main purposes: human consumption (chewing), sugarcane honey manufacturing in villages for local use, and sugar production. In the years 1922-23, the production of sugar severely dropped due to an extreme attack of the grey sugarcane mealybug Pseudococcus sacchari Ckll. Two main...
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1. Introduction Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an economically valuable crop due to its high protein and oil content and wide variety of uses in food, agricultural pharmaceutical and industrial applications [1]. The United States produces 32.5% of the world’s soybeans (120 million tons/year valued at $31.2 billion), making it the second most valuable US crop [2]. In the southern US, high temperatures and dry conditions, along with poor management, can lead to...
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1. Introduction Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin occurrence varies between crops, as fungal species and strains differ in their ability to infect a particular plant host. Crop varieties also show different levels of susceptibility or resistance to toxigenic fungal infection. In addition, the same plant host can be attacked by different toxigenic fungi resulting in multi-mycotoxin contamination. Additionally, interacting climate-related abiotic conditions, especially water...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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Introduction The toxigenic fungi cause heavy losses in the in the yield, but the toxic poisoning of the grain is economically far more important. They provide food safety risk in human food supply and the same is true also for the animal husbandry. The amount of the global grain mass contaminated by mycotoxins is estimated to about 210 million t. A significant part of the storage loss, estimated about 420 million t is due to storage fungi [1]. As many toxigenic species occur,...
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1. Introduction In most sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), chili peppers are an important ingredient to prepare a large array of traditional dishes [1]. Consumption of high quantities of chili peppers is associated with health benefits, including disease prevention [2,3]. However, chili peppers in SSA are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi [4,5]. Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins. Even at minute concentrations, aflatoxins pose...
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Mycotoxins semiannual survey of mycotoxin in feed in 2023 Taiwan - Second Half
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Oral lesions in chickens can be caused by trichothecene mycotoxins (for example T2) but there are other causes including any contact toxins (CuSO4), excessive CuSO4 and physically rough forms of particulate Calcium. Mycotoxin binder salesmen regard oral lesions as pathognomic for lack of mycotoxin binder in the feed and diagnosticians always worry that a negative mycotoxin assay is a sampling artefact. This case study made me realize that oral lesions are not always associated with...
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In 2020, Life Rainbow Biotech randomly collected 407 feed samples of raw materials and feed mills in farms and analyzed them. The samples were tested for aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), zearalenone, fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) and deoxynivalenol (DON) by the ELISA Mycotoxin analysis kit (Romer Labs®). Results: 407 feed samples collected, and 80.3% were contaminated with fumonisins and 90.4% contaminated with deoxynivalenol (table 1). All the maximum concentrations of...
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1. Introduction Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Research in the last decades clarifies that the most important toxin-regulating agent is disease resistance [1–4]. Therefore, most of the work belongs to the competence of plant breeding. The artificial inoculations have a larger significance as the natural conditions do not support enough selection work, and this is true also for research. It is...
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are structurally diverse compounds produced by filamentous fungi. Contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins is a significant problem worldwide (Hussein and Brasel, 2001). The major Fusarium mycotoxins occurring in cereal grains, animal feeds, and forages are the trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisins. Other important Fusarium mycotoxins include moniliformin and fusaric acid (D’Mello et al., 1999). More...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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1. Introduction Up to 80% of food items of plant origin worldwide are estimated to be contaminated with mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, at levels above the limit of detection (LOD) [1]. Mycotoxins threaten the health and productivity of humans and domesticated animals through dietary exposure at both acute and sub-acute contamination levels in the diet [2,3]. Many countries regulate the levels of mycotoxins allowed in imported goods, and mycotoxins are becoming...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that represent a serious threat to the health of both animals and humans [1]. Food and feed contamination by mycotoxins poses major concerns for public health and welfare as dietary exposure may cause disorders, dysfunctions, and alterations of physiological states in both humans and animals [2]. Ripening staple crops are all exposed to phyllosphere fungi, some of which are able to infect the crops resulting in...
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Mycotoxins semiannual survey of mycotoxin in feed in 2023 Taiwan - Second Half
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1. Introduction The gut is constantly exposed to potentially harmful contaminants from food or feed, such as mycotoxins [1]. Aflatoxin B1 is a mycotoxin produced by different species of fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus [2]. AFB1 is a potent carcinogen in humans and animals [3] and, for this reason, was classified in Group 1 of human carcinogens on the basis of toxicological data. Aflatoxins can contaminate different commodities such as cereals, nuts, dried...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites with adverse effects on human and animal health. To date, more than 400 different molecules, produced by several types of fungi, have been characterized [1]. Because of their high toxicity, aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 (AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 , and AFG 2 ) are the most important, and are produced by the species of Aspergillus section...
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1. Introduction Endophytes are a particularly interesting group of microorganisms that can be isolated from asymptomatic plant tissue. Among fungal endophytes, most species belong to the ascomycota and deuteromycota phyla and might be the producers of several groups of new, unique secondary metabolites [1]. The specific relationship between the host plant and its endophytes includes complex biochemical interactions [2,3]. Endophytes have adapted themselves to their special...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are natural contaminants commonly found in plant-derived foodstuffs, mainly cereals and their by-products. Since these raw materials are added as ingredients in feed formulation for different animal species, including cultivated fish, the risk of mycotoxin contamination in feed for aquaculture has increased, thus introducing contaminants (i.e., mycotoxins), which were not previously identified in fish tissues [1]. Diverse studies reported mycotoxin...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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1. Introduction Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites of the Aspergillus species of fungi, which are generally contaminate tropical and subtropical food and feedstuffs [1]. However, due to climate change, their occurrence in temperate climates should be taken into account not only during storage but also on the field [2,3]. Climate change usually causes drought stress in fungi, and stress-responding pathways can stimulate the AF production of Aspergillus flavus...
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Mycotoxins semiannual survey of mycotoxin in feed in 2023 Taiwan - Second Half
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The so called Mycotoxins are not a new subject to Indian poultry industry. Perhaps, it is not an overstatement to say that Indian poultry feed millers, integrators and farmers understand mycotoxin challenges much better than their counterparts from the other countries. This is due to the extensive applied research carried on mycotoxins in poultry as well as high occurrence of aflatoxicosis in the field. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of molds and their presence in the raw...
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