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Avian influenza
Avian influenza is a viral infection found in domestic poultry and a wide range of other birds. Wild waterfowl and shorebirds are often subclinically affected carriers of the virus. In poultry, low-pathogenicity strains can cause subclinical infections; however, some strains typically cause respiratory signs or decreased egg production. Highly pathogenic strains may cause widespread organ failure and sudden death, often with high mortality rates. Diagnosis is based on detection of the viral genome or specific antibodies or on virus isolation. Antimicrobials may help control secondary bacterial infection in flocks affected by low-pathogenicity strains. Antiviral drugs are not approved or recommended. Prevention is best accomplished by biosecurity measures. Vaccines matched for antigenic type can greatly increase resistance to infection, prevent clinical signs, and decrease viral shedding in infected flocks.
Findings Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, Influenzavirus A genus . AIV is characterized by its ability to undergo constant antigenic changes [1]. AIV envelope contains two major glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) [2]. The HA/NA proteins play a key role during cellular infection. Different HA/NA combinations allow AIV subtype discrimination. Depending on the damage caused to avian species, AIVs are categorized...
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Findings The recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in numerous countries in Asia and Africa and the increase in human cases demonstrate that influenza A viruses remain a global pandemic threat [1,2]. Worldwide, natural migrations of birds and commercialization of poultry product are considered two of the most important mechanisms of disease dispersion [3]. Due to the high risk of the A(H5N1) pandemic threat, multinational efforts have been made to...
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Introduction A novel H7N9 influenza A virus emerged in humans in Eastern China in February of 2013. Cases were often severe and the case fatality rate is approximately 32%. The viral genome was rapidly characterized and was revealed to contain a novel constellation of genes from avian influenza viruses from several Eurasian sublineages most of which had been previously detected in China (Kageyama et al., 2013; Van Ranst and Lemey, 2013; Xiong et al., 2013;...
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Background Avian influenza (AI) virus causes one of the most economically important diseases of poultry worldwide. AI is classified by the world organization for animal health (OIE) into two forms, low pathogenicity (LP) and high pathogenicity (HP), based on virulence in chickens [1]. H7 is one of the two most economically important AI virus subtypes because historically all HP AI viruses have been either the H7 or H5 subtype and it is among the most common subtypes in...
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Important Basics Before disinfecting any surface, make sure it is thoroughly clean. Cleaning is the most important part of the phrase “Cleaning and Disinfection,” or C&D. Disinfectants do not work, or work poorly, if dirt and feces are present. You are wasting your time and money applying disinfectant to dirty surfaces. Thoroughly spray cleaned surfaces with the disinfectant solution. Wash off boots with soap and water (pressurized if available)...
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Background An H5 HPAIV outbreak that began in December 2014 and lasted 6 months through June 2015 was the 5th highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreak in the US since the 1920’s and was the most geographically widespread. Direct and indirect costs to the US economy were estimated to be near $3.3 billion USD [1]. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene was determined to belong to clade 2.3.4.4 of the goose/Guangdong/1996 (GS/GD/96) H5 lineage of HPAIV and was...
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In late November 2014 higher than normal death losses in a meat turkey and chicken broiler breeder farm in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia initiated a diagnostic investigation that led to the discovery of a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 virus. This virus, composed of 5 gene segments (PB2, PA, HA,Mand NS) related to Eurasian HPAI H5N8 and the remaining gene segments (PB1, NP and NA) related to North American lineage...
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Introduction Significant economic losses in the poultry industries due to moderate to high mortality and decreased egg production have resulted from H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infections across North Africa, the Middle East and Asia (Fusaro and others 2011, Lee and Song 2013). The currently circulating Eurasian H9N2 LPAIV has rapidly spread to become the most prevalent LPAIV in domestic poultry...
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Introduction Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 persists in natural reservoirs of aquatic birds and waterfowl. In 1996 it was discovered that infected wild geese in Southern China were responsible for transmitting the virus to poultry [1]. In 2003, HPAIV H5N1 began to spread from Southeast Asia to other regions, and in the past decade it has caused numerous outbreaks on poultry farms in over 60 countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe. While the virus remains...
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Fidelis Hegngi (Senior Staff Veterinarian, Avian Health at USDA) discussed recent highly pathogenic AI outbreaks in the USA, as well as clinical signs and biosecurity, during the Avian Influenza International Seminar 2017 in Buenos Aires, Argentina....
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Fidelis Hegngi (Senior Staff Veterinarian, Avian Health at USDA) explained the situation of the U.S. poultry industry and how their program deals with the disease, during the Avian Influenza International Seminar 2017 in Buenos Aires, Argentina....
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Fidelis Hegngi (Senior Staff Veterinarian, Avian Health at USDA) talks to us about prevention of the disease, surveillance, mortality and how to deal with outbreaks, during the Avian Influenza International Seminar 2017 in Buenos Aires, Argentina....
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Introduction In June 2012, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, subtype H7N3, was identified as the cause of a severe disease outbreak in commercial layer farms in the Western State of Jalisco. Approximately 22.4 million birds died due to the infection or to the preventive stamping out of neighboring farms. 6 On July 26, 2012, a national vaccination...
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In previous articles we overviewed culling of infected birds and vaccination as common intervention strategy against avian influenza in poultry.
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The genus influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, representing viruses that have a single-strand, negative sense, and segmented RNA genome. RNA virus replication is characterized by high mutation rates, short generation time, and high progeny yields. In addition to mutations introduced by their errorprone polymerases without proofreading capacity, influenza viruses generate genomic variations by homologous...
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In the world, many experts told about H9N2 spread many country... That is any correlation IB infection and H9N2 for production of eggs going down... Any comment? ...
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1. Introduction Since 1990's, there has been a significant increase in the number of highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza (AI) outbreaks and also in the number of birds involved in those outbreaks [1,2]. The most notable of these recent HPAI outbreaks is a series of H5N1 outbreaks started in China and Hong Kong since 1996, which then spread to other parts of the world including South-East Asia, the Middle East, Europe...
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Background Avian Influenza (AI) virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, Influenzavirus A genus. This virus possesses eight segments of single-stranded RNA genome. Two of these segments encode for two important membrane glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) [1], that play a key role during cellular infection. These two proteins are used for virus subtype...
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Q: What are the essential measures to prevent avian influenza? A: For most farming situations, the best way is to improve biosecurity on the farm, so that it is practiced every day....
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