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Avian influenza
Avian influenza is a viral infection found in domestic poultry and a wide range of other birds. Wild waterfowl and shorebirds are often subclinically affected carriers of the virus. In poultry, low-pathogenicity strains can cause subclinical infections; however, some strains typically cause respiratory signs or decreased egg production. Highly pathogenic strains may cause widespread organ failure and sudden death, often with high mortality rates. Diagnosis is based on detection of the viral genome or specific antibodies or on virus isolation. Antimicrobials may help control secondary bacterial infection in flocks affected by low-pathogenicity strains. Antiviral drugs are not approved or recommended. Prevention is best accomplished by biosecurity measures. Vaccines matched for antigenic type can greatly increase resistance to infection, prevent clinical signs, and decrease viral shedding in infected flocks.
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a highly contagious and lethal disease that can have major impacts on the global poultry industry and food supply. While more frequent in Asia and Europe, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreaks have traditionally been rare in the U.S. However, in recent years, the U.S. has seen an increase in the incidence of HPAIV outbreaks in wild birds and commercial poultry. In 2014/2015 and in 2021/2022, outbreaks of HPAIV subtype H5NX clade 2.3.4.4...
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In the face of escalating global concerns about the occurrence of animal disease outbreaks, effective and sustainable methods for the management of animal mortalities have become a critical component of public health and biosecurity strategies. This abstract presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the field of animal mortality management, with a specific focus on innovative technologies, practices, and policies designed to mitigate the environmental, economic, and health...
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Biosecurity may be defined as protection from pathogens or disease. This may include the separation of the flock from living vectors or inanimate objects called fomites. While prevention of host-specific and zoonotic diseases is important, the commercial poultry industry is already preoccupied with the challenges of day-to-day operations. The purpose of this project was to illustrate how surfaces that may seem clean are heavily contaminated with microorganisms that may be responsible for...
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Avian influenza outbreaks have emerged as a critical threat to global food security as they continue to devastate poultry populations worldwide. This paper addresses the urgent need for an open and comprehensive discussion of novel strategies to mitigate the impact of avian influenza on the poultry food supply chain. The review integrates current scientific literature, epidemiological data, and socio-economic analyses to underscore the severity of the crisis. It highlights the complex...
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The emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) strains poses a significant threat to both avian populations and human health. Vaccination has been identified as a critical tool in mitigating the spread of HPAI. However, the acceptance and implementation of avian influenza vaccination programs have been met with opposition from various stakeholders, including poultry producers, public health authorities, and consumers. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving...
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Vaccination against avian influenza requires the assessment of multiple technical, legislative, and trade aspects related to its epidemiology and the country’s veterinary infrastructure, commerce policies, and interests. According to the World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH), vaccination against AI should not preclude a country from eligibility for trade as long as it can prove freedom from natural infection. Importing countries may have policies above the general guidelines...
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Influence of low protein diets on performance and intestinal health
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Newcastle Disease (ND) and Influenza A (IA) are major poultry diseases affecting both commercial and backyard poultry production worldwide1 . We conducted a Nepal’s first nationwide ND and IA prevalence study in 2018, collecting samples from both in commercial and backyard poultry farms. In commercial and backyard farms prevalence of ND was 70% and 17.5% respectively. We also determined the prevalence of IA in these farms (commercial= 27.5%, backyard= 7.5%). Genotype II was the most...
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Avian influenza was an exotic disease in Mexico until 1993 when the first H5N2 low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus was identified. After many months of accumulating mutations, this low-pathogenic predecessor evolved into a highly pathogenic strain. This inevitably resulted in the authorities reporting the first H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in 1994. To contain the HPAI virus, the government implemented a massive vaccination program, active surveillance,...
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Introduction Avian influenza viruses (AIV) infect animals and humans [1] and thus are of major relevance under the one health context. They are enveloped viruses belonging to Alphainfluenzavirus from Orthomyxoviridae family [2]. These negative sense and single-stranded RNA viruses present a genome that is fragmented into eight segments which encode for eleven proteins. These proteins possess individual function or form complexes during viral replication. The mechanisms underlying...
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Jim Sumner (Treasurer and former President of IPC) shares his experience on the International Poultry Council and the poultry industry, and comments on the challenges to face, in this Engormix interview....
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Nan-Dirk Mulder (Senior Global Specialist Animal Protein at Rabobank) offers insights into the markets, the value chain, and the global poultry industry, in this Engormix interview....
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Gérard Léveque (Global Manager Animal Health at Hendrix Genetics) talks about the main challenges in the poultry industry and how to better communicate advances in genetics, in this Engormix interview....
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Current market review and perspective of Florfenicol, Tilmicocin, vitamins and aminoacids
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Paulo Rigolin (Vice President of Alltech Latin America) talks about the experience of participating in the IPC Annual Meeting in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in this Engormix interview....
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Mario Assayag (General Technical Manager Latin America at Aviagen) comments on the advances in biosecurity standards worldwide, in this Engormix interview....
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Oxidative stress in animal production: how is it generated and how can we reduce it?
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In this Engormix interview, Ricardo Santin (International Poultry Council President) talks about the 2024 Annual Meeting that took place in Buenos Aires, and highlights important discussions on Avian Influenza, regulations and biosecurity, among other subjects....
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Nath Morris (USPOULTRY President) talks about strategies against Avian Influenza and other challenges in the industry, as well as a new USPOULTRY podcast and expectations for the upcoming IPPE 2025, in this Engormix interview....
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Introduction Influenza A viruses (FLUAV) from waterfowl are of global concern. Multiple pandemics have occurred as the product of genetic exchange between FLUAV circulating in humans and the avian reservoir (1). FLUAV contains eight gene segments, two of which encode for the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (HA and NA, respectively). The other six for the internal gene cassette, comprised by the set of polymerases, PB2, PB1 and PA, the nucleoprotein NP, the...
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Erik Visser (Hamlet Protein) shares his opinion on the decline of feed costs and how the industry should think forward to solve labor issues, in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2024 in Atlanta, USA....
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INTRODUCTION Global population growth, along with rising affluence in Asia, are driving up not only our total demand for food, but also the amount of protein required to feed all of humanity (1, 2). More specifically, the world’s population is expected to grow to over 9 billion people by 2050, and demand for poultry, which represents a relatively healthy and efficient source of protein, is likely to be double from what it was in 2005. At the same time, it is expected that...
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U.S. Poultry & Egg Association (USPOULTRY) will host its annual Poultry Market Intelligence Forum at the 2024 International Production & Processing Expo (IPPE) in Atlanta. A leading industry economist and industry experts will provide insights on how the domestic and global economies are performing and how regulatory issues impact the poultry and egg industries. This year’s forum will be held from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. on Wednesday, Jan. 31, 2024, and is free for all registered...
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