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Minerals in swine nutrition
Minerals constitute a small percentage of swine diets, but their importance cannot be over-emphasized. Functions of minerals are extremely diverse, serving a variety of structural, metabolic, and regulatory functions in all body components. The mineral nutrition of pigs must be precise because adding excess minerals to the diet can be costly and cause toxicity while not providing enough minerals can result in deficiency and reduce productivity.
Minerals are classified into macrominerals and microminerals according to the amount required in the diet. Macrominerals or major minerals need to be supplied in larger amounts in swine diets, as is the case of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and potassium. Microminerals or trace minerals need to be supplied in smaller amounts in swine diets, as is the case of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, iodine, and selenium. Chromium is also sometimes added to sow and finisher diets to improve performance.
Grains and oilseeds commonly used in swine diets are sources of macrominerals and trace minerals. However, the intrinsic minerals are often found at low concentration and availability in feedstuffs is questionable. Consequently, it is essential to balance the diets using supplemental mineral sources to meet the requirements.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of post-weaning treatment of piglets with zink oxide (ZnO) and colistin on health, production and Escherichia coli shedding. Materials and Methods: During two successive weaning rounds, a randomized control study was performed on three commercial pig herds. In each herd, four groups of weaners were created that either received colistin in the feed (CF) (Promycine® 400 IU/mg, premix,...
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Introduction: Coccidiosis occurs worldwide in association with intensive pig husbandry. In the intensive pig production piglets are supplemented with Iron to prevent iron deficiency anaemia. Traditional prevention of coccidiosis and iron deficiency anaemia has involved two separate intervention. Toltrazuril is well established product given orally to piglets in prepatent period to control coccidiosis and iron is supplemented traditionally by intramuscular route to young...
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Impact of Trace Mineral Status on Biological Function: The nutritional status of animals is an indicator of their productivity and reproductive capabilities. In tropical countries like India, mineral imbalances or deficiencies are prevalent . (Mc Dowell et a l., 1993) . Livestock in India typically rely on grazing and receive minimal or no mineral supplementation, apart from common salt. (Garg et al ., 2005) . Additionally, the mineral content of locally...
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Introduction: Newborn piglets are at risk for developing iron deficiency because they are born with limited iron stores and sow milk provides them with only ±1 mg of iron per day. Iron deficiency leads to anemia characterized by a low concentration of iron-containing hemoglobulin (Hb) in red blood cells. Therefore, iron administration to piglets within the first week of life is common practice in pig farms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of iron...
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Chel means CLAW in Greek. The Mineral needs a support to CLAW itself. This support is provided by Amino Acids and this organic support is called LIGAND in chemistry. Amino Acids have a very low molecular weight and can be absorbed easily through the walls of the intestine and hence are most preferred ligands for chelation. ...
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APIs MARKET Pre-festival stocking-up was generally completed in mid-to-late January. Some two weeks before the holiday, including the early part of this month, the market has no actual trading activity. The market has a strong wait-and-see sentiment and lacks sustained positive support. After returning from the holiday, the sales rhythm of the veterinary API market has not yet fully recovered, and the market activity and scale have not returned to normal levels. Some leading...
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Feed cost accounts for the largest proportion of the production cost of poultry and swine production. Further, the recent disruptions in the supply chain for feed ingredients and the continued consumer demand for food of animal origin that is sustainably produced dictates the need for solutions that utilize locally available resources. In the face of these challenges, significant progress towards a resilient Canadian animal nutrition industry can be realized by reducing dependency on...
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Introduction: Phosphorus is an element with potential impact on the intestinal microbiota of pigs. Studies revealed that bacterial growth was limited in the intestine feeding low concentrations of phosphorus and that ileal bacteria increased with higher calcium and phosphorus feed contents, whereas there was no effect on bacterial numbers in the colon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of varying phosphorus levels in diets of piglets on the bacterial...
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Responses of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 supplementation in weaned pig diets
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Introduction: Selenium (Se) is an essential microelement for pigs. In pigs, Se deficiency can lead to fatal, degenerative changes in various muscle groups, including heart muscle, compromised boar fertility and increased morbidity due to weakened immune status. Problems related to Se- deficiency seem to reemerge in feed efficient, fast-growing pigs in Norway. One aim of a large study was to assess the influence of different Se-sources on Se-levels in muscle in Norwegian...
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Introduction: Newly weaned pigs require 50-100 mg/kg of zinc in feed to meet dietary requirements (National Research Council). The addition of high levels of zinc oxide (> 2000 mg/kg) in nursery diets is often used as a preventive measure for Escherichia coli diarrhea and to improve growth performance. The mechanism y which this occurs is still not fully understood, however, it is proposed that zinc oxide has an effect on the gastrointestinal microbiome, due to its...
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Effect of Sc 47 probiotic yeast on the health and zootechnical performance of weaned piglets
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Low protein diets have improved nitrogen (N) utilization, but dietary N for the endogenous synthesis of non-essential amino acids (NEAA) may be limiting. Inclusion of a non-protein nitrogen (NPN) may improve utilization of essential amino acids (EAA). A N-balance study was conducted, where 90 growing barrows were assigned to 1 of 10 dietary treatments. Diets contained no ammonium phosphate (NAP; EAA-N:TN of 0.56) or were supplemented with 1.7% ammonium phosphate (AP; EAA-N:TN of 0.50) with...
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Despite environmental and public health (bacterial resistance) issues, supranutritional levels of zinc oxide (ZnO) are still commonly used to prevent diarrhea in post-weaning piglets. In Canada, these levels represent more than eight-fold the CFIA proposed maximum levels at 300 mg/kg. The limited knowledge of their consequences for the metabolism of trace minerals has hampered the replacement of this strategy without compromising piglet health. Our laboratory has performed a series of...
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Pharmacological levels of Zn in early nursery pig diets reduce the instance of post-weaning diarrhea and improve performance. However, there are growing concerns with pharmacological levels of Zn and much attention has been directed toward strategies to lower dietary Zn without negatively impacting performance. Diet acid-binding capacity-4 (ABC-4) could be an option to formulate low Zn diets. Dietary ABC-4 is the hydrochloric acid required to reach a pH of 4. The young pig has a limited...
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Young Dal Jang (University of Wisconsin–River Falls) This study was conducted to demonstrate the effects of second iron injection before weaning and iron levels in nursery diets on growth performance, hematological parameters, and fecal microbiome of pigs. A total of 70 newborn pigs from 7 sows were allotted to 4 treatments within litter, housed in farrowing crate without creep feed, and received the first dose (200 mg iron) at 2 to 3 d of age....
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1. Introduction Artificial insemination (AI) in modern pig reproduction requires liquid-stored extended-semen. Extenders provide sperm with nutrients to maintain metabolic processes (1), prevent cold shock (2), control osmotic pressure and pH (3), and antibiotics present in extender inhibit bacterial growth (4). Despite the substantial improvements made on extender formulations in recent years, the quality of stored sperm decreases over time primarily due to the increased...
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Young Dal Jang (University of Wisconsin–River Falls) speaks on the microbiome of pigs and dietary iron levels, during the 11th Symposium on Gut Health in Production of Food Animals in St. Louis, USA....
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Introduction: A humpy-backed syndrome of pigs has persisted in the British pork industry and causes of the deformity have been difficult to identify (Penny RHC, 1986). The disease presents challenges in regards to handling the carcass (Holl et al , 2008) and is suspected to slow down growth rate (Straw, Bates, & May, 2009). There is no clear evidence of the biological mechanisms by which kyphosis is induced. Through collecting tissue samples from affected and healthy pigs...
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Wes Schweer (Cargill) comments on the use of zinc oxide, as well as adjusting levels in swine diets, during this Swine It interview with host Laura Greiner....
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Responses of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 supplementation in weaned pig diets
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Introduction: To prevent iron deficiency anemia, supplemental iron typically is given to piglets within 5 d after birth. Large piglets are at greater risk of iron deficiency than are smaller piglets; however, iron dextran injection protocols are highly variable. The objectives were to determine the within herd prevalence of anemia among piglets, and to evaluate the influence of a supplemental iron dextran injection on growth. Materials and Methods: The study...
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Introduction: Staphylococci are a major disease burden for animals and humans. In swine, Staphylococcus hyicus is the causative agent of exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease) which is characterized by skin lesions and a greasy exudate. Outbreaks of this disease can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Swine are also common carriers of Staphylococcus aureus and, although this agent poses little threat to swine, its zoonotic potential is...
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