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Minerals in poultry nutrition
Minerals in poultry nutrition are typically classified as macro- or micro-minerals, depending on the levels needed in the diet. The macro-minerals include calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Requirements for the macro-minerals are typically expressed as a percentage of the diet, while the requirements for the micro-minerals are stated as parts per million. Although the quantities required for micro-minerals are lower than for macro-minerals, they play an essential role in the body's metabolism. The micro-minerals include copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc.
Copper (Cu) has been widely used at pharmacological levels (e.g., 125 ppm) as growth promoter in poultry. However, the mechanism by which high levels of Cu promote growth remains to be determined. It is commonly recognized that Cu exerts anti-microbial effect in the gut but there is not much direct and consistent data showing that Cu alters the population of bacterial species in birds. And copper can maintain proper body functions and obtain the optimal growth performance of poultry (Banks...
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During heat stress, birds strive to regulate their body temperature by panting, increasing their respiration rate from a normal rate of 25 breaths per minute to a maximum of 250 breathes. As birds pant, they eliminate excessive amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), which leads to low concentrations of carbonic acid and...
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Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with an experimental direct-fed microbial in the presence of a moderate Clostridium perfringens challenge in a 42-day floor pen trial
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During transport, birds experience feed and water deprivation, restriction of movements and a challenging microclimate in the transport crate. All these factors stress the animals, causing oxidative...
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AVIMATRIX® is an innovative feed solution which supports poultry producers to achieve maximum bird performance in an effective and sustainable way. AVIMATRIX contains a unique blend of nature identical flavouring compounds including benzoic acid proven to have stabilizing effects on gut microflora. It specifically acts on the lower gut environment through a targeted release of its well-selected active ingredients (A.I.).
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Zinc (Zn), as an essential trace element, is a common feed additive for food producing animals. Zn is supplemented in either an inorganic or organic form. Literature suggests inconsistency among both sources regarding trace mineral availability and influence on animal performance, but organic trace minerals are considered to be advantageous (Schlegel et al., 2013). Between organic trace minerals, the chemical bond is the main difference. While mono-glycinates are complexes with one amino...
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Phytase supplementation of broiler diets can improve energy, amino acid, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) utilization. Both fungal- and bacterial-derived phytases are commonly added to broiler diets. Phytases from different sources and even from the same source can have different pH optima, heat stability, and catalytic properties (Dersjant-Li et al, 2015). Furthermore, when different microbial phytases are included in diets, their efficacy in vivo can vary in comparison to their assayed...
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Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 alters immunity, nutrient transporters and cecal microbiome of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis challenge
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Understanding the dynamics of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) metabolism is an important consideration when evaluating the requirements for both nutrients. Much more is known about the control of Ca than P metabolism (Li et al., 2017). Calcium elimination from the body is primarily through faeces, both unabsorbed dietary Ca and endogenous Ca. Kidney Ca elimination is controlled by endocrine factors and to a lesser extent by dietary Ca. In practical terms, dietary Ca may be available but not...
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INTRODUCTION Virginiamycin (Vm) is a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae of the streptogramin class of antibiotics. It is commonly used to treat infections from gram-positive organisms or as a growth promotant in cattle, swine, and poultry diets. The Vm complex consists of 2 major components, Vm factor m1 and s1, which act synergistically to prevent protein synthesis within bacteria (Cocito, 1979). It also has been suggested that antibacterial...
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In healthy humans and animals, protection against the harmful effects of free radicals is achieved through maintaining a delicate equilibrium between the production of free radicals, that are needed for certain physiological processes, and their destruction through the antioxidant defense system. This equilibrium is called “the redox balance”....
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Broilers are grown in a highly controlled environment that has been developed over many years to promote optimal and efficient growth while ensuring animal well-being. One of the most prevalent issues in broiler production is the development of footpad dermatitis. This condition is characterized by the appearance of lesions on the footpads of broilers and can be seen early in the brooding phase and are exacerbated as the bird grows. While broiler house management conditions are...
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It is well understood that the goal of broiler live production teams is to deliver a high-quality, target-weight broiler to the processing plant. Up to the initiation of processing, there are considerable resources; financial, management and time that are committed by the company to accomplish this goal. One of the most tragic situations to occur is the condemnation or downgrading of either whole carcasses or carcass parts in the processing plant. There are a wide variety of causes for this...
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INTRODUCTION Cereal grains such as wheat, sorghum, barley, and corn are commonly used in poultry diets as major sources of energy. Knowledge of the ME content of cereal grains is critical for their efficient and sustainable use and precise poultry feed formulation. Despite several limitations (Mateos et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2020), the AME is the globally accepted system for describing the available energy for poultry (Hill and Anderson, 1958; Sibbald, 1982). The simplicity,...
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Bird performs well within a certain range of environmental temperatures. As the temperature gets higher than the range, the bird falls on stress generally called heat stress. Heat stress is the most significant stressors influencing poultry productivity and causing considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. This induces several negative effects on physiological response of bird. Reducing feed consumption, body weight gain, feed efficiency, egg production and immune response are of...
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INTRODUCTION The global production of chicken eggs is constantly increasing, e.g., 37.4 million tons of chicken-eggs were produced in 1990, and 80 million tons in 2018. The WHO has estimated that production will have to increase four-fold to meet the global demand for chicken eggs in the next two decades (1, 2). Hence, the poultry industry must be increasingly efficient despite being one of the most efficient and technologically advanced animal production activities...
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INTRODUCTION Aiming at reducing production costs and the impacts of animal production waste on the environment, research has focused on improving the efficiency of feed utilization.One strategy to reduce the excretion of pollutant compounds is to increase the nutritional availability of feeds by the dietary supplementation of exogenous enzymes (Nahm, 2002). Phytase, for instance, allows reducing inorganic phosphorus supplementation and increasing phytic acid utilization by the...
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1. Introduction Often a seemingly straightforward aspect of nutrition reveals itself to be, upon closer inspection, not so simple after all. An illustration of such a conundrum is the nutrition of the newly hatched broiler chick. Conceptualizing the different challenges faced by the hatchling and solving them should be remarkably simple, but the difficulty lies in the complexity in the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), digestive physiology, immune system, and...
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Dr. Piotr Stanislawski shares his comments with Engormix members regarding the calculation of phosphorus and calcium, as well as other formulation issues....
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The modern broiler chick spends 50% of its life in an embryonic state. It is therefore important to ensure that adequate nutrients are available to the developing embryo, which is completely reliant on the diet fed to the breeder hen. Consequently, the physiological status of the chick at hatching is greatly influenced by the nutrition of the breeder hen. The nutrient supply to the broiler breeder is a sum of the actual nutrient content of the diet and the quantity or volume of feed...
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Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with an experimental direct-fed microbial in the presence of a moderate Clostridium perfringens challenge in a 42-day floor pen trial
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Copper is very useful for young animals’ gut health, particularly for the integrity of the small intestine. In this final Young Animal TechTalk, Matthew Bekker, Technical Services Manager for Novus Southeast Asia and Pacific, shares how copper in chelated form is highly valuable to chick’s and piglet’s epithelial cells and villous structure....
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by Sam Shafer
Yangzhou University scientists examine meat quality from every angle
Duck meat is prized for its delicate flavor and juicy texture, as well as its notable protein content, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. In fact, duck meat is rising in popularity, especially in China.
The challenge is to get ducks to market quickly without compromising meat quality. In China, which produces 85...
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