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Minerals in poultry nutrition
Minerals in poultry nutrition are typically classified as macro- or micro-minerals, depending on the levels needed in the diet. The macro-minerals include calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Requirements for the macro-minerals are typically expressed as a percentage of the diet, while the requirements for the micro-minerals are stated as parts per million. Although the quantities required for micro-minerals are lower than for macro-minerals, they play an essential role in the body's metabolism. The micro-minerals include copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc.
Zinc (Zn) has been known to be an essential nutrient for normal growth and feathering of chicks for half a century (O’Dell and Savage, 1957). The zinc requirement of chicks was first defined to be 30 ppm by Roberson and Schaible (1958). Subsequent research provided evidence for the 1994 Nutrient Requirements for Poultry (NRC, 1994) to set the requirements of broilers at 40 ppm. However, most of these research data are more than 10 years old and do not represent the needs of modern...
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It has been suggested that in the not too distant future broilers will be produced in cages (Smith, 1972). From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, many attempts were made to design cage facilities for the rearing of broiler chickens from hatch to market age. Unfortunately, none of these early cage systems allowed economical broiler production because there were high incidences of downgrades (Lloyd, 1969), breast blisters (Andrews and Goodwin, 1973), soft, distorted and broken bones (Merkley,...
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The current physiological status of broiler breeder hens and how to meet their nutritional requirements has recently been examined (Renema and Robinson, 2004). The amazing genetic progress of modern breeders was greatly emphasized. Modern broiler stocks can grow at 4.6 times the rate of a 1957 random-bred strain (Havenstein et al., 2003a). The 6-fold improvement in carcass yield of 2001 stock fed a 2001-type diet compared to 1957 birds fed a 1957 diet is 85-90% due to genetics and only 10-15%...
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Egg shell quality has always been a problem in the layer industry. Economic losses because of poor shell quality are estimated to be greater than $250 million per year (Bell, 1998). Numerous studies have been conducted to solve poor shell quality problems. Many of these studies have focused on macro minerals, especially calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) (Keshavarz, 1988; Roush et al.,1986). A study on different levels of calcium (2.5, 3.5 and 4.5%) has shown that both 3.5 and 4.5% Ca...
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In 1974, when the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved selenium as a feed supplement, inorganic selenium, primarily as sodium selenite, became the traditional source for dietary supplemental selenium for poultry and livestock (Leeson and Summers, 1991). That decision in 1974 was based on cost of the selenium supplements and lack of information on selenomethionine, and it was ironic because the commonly used plant- and animal-based feed ingredients contain selenium almost...
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Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for the normal growth and feathering of chicks (O’Dell and Savage, 1957; 1960). The zinc requirement for chicks was first defined as 30 ppm by Roberson and Schaible (1958) and later revised to 40 ppm for broilers (NRC, 1994). However, much of the data on which these requirements were based may not be applicable to modern commercial poultry strains (Leeson, 2005). Concomitantly, in recent years organically-complexed mineral sources, e.g., proteinates...
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Nutritional needs of food animals must be met by provision of nutrients from plants, soil, and even from prey animals. Many of the potential nutrients are minerals that exist in chemical complexes that are not readily available. This condition is advantageous for animals because many of the minerals can be toxic, but nutritionists have demonstrated that a large number of minerals, either as macronutrients or as micronutrients, are required for normal growth and development of animals...
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Dietary minerals are vital for maintaining life. They are involved in a myriad of metabolic and physiological processes critical to human and animal health and general well-being. With advances in mineral nutrition and detection capabilities, the importance of consuming adequate amounts of macro- (Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K and S) and microminerals (Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se and Zn) has been emphasized. Furthermore, the function and deficiency/toxicity syndromes of most minerals...
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Phytic acid is abundant in all plant seeds serving as the chief storage form of phosphorus (P). The phytic acid molecule has a high P content (28.2%); and since a major portion of poultry and pig diets consists of plant-derived ingredients, P from the phytic acid assumes considerable nutritional significance. The ability of poultry and pigs to utilise phytate P is poor (Nelson, 1967; Ravindran et al., 1995; Kornegay, 1999) due to either insufficient quantity or a lack of intestinal phytase...
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The fourth annual Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Conference will be held March 30 at the Holiday Inn Select in Timonium, Md.
Topics will include nutrition and immunity interrelationships in broilers, dietary lutein and retention in poultry products with potential for aiding macular degeneration, effect of dietary nitrogen and phosphorous reductions and environmental concerns.
The conference is a regional event presented by the Maryland Feed Industry Council, University of Maryland, Pennsylvania...
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