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Minerals in poultry nutrition
Minerals in poultry nutrition are typically classified as macro- or micro-minerals, depending on the levels needed in the diet. The macro-minerals include calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Requirements for the macro-minerals are typically expressed as a percentage of the diet, while the requirements for the micro-minerals are stated as parts per million. Although the quantities required for micro-minerals are lower than for macro-minerals, they play an essential role in the body's metabolism. The micro-minerals include copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc.
The purpose of this fact sheet is to demonstrate how to sample laying hen rations and interpret the calcium levels found in the feed. The results of a study of feed from 24 Saskatchewan leghorn flocks are used to help illustrate the reliability of calcium testing. How to Sample Feed Because the amount of calcium can vary from one sample of feed to the next, it is important to take a good feed sample: 1. ...
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This fact sheet has been developed to support the implementation of the Natural Resources Conservation Service Feed Management 592 Practice Standard. The Feed Management 592 Practice Standard was adopted by NRCS in 2003 as another tool to assist with addressing resource concerns on livestock and poultry operations. Feed management can assist with reducing the import of nutrients to the farm and reduce the excretion of nutrients in manure. Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential minerals...
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Poultry feeds are referred to as "complete" feeds because they contain all the protein, energy, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients necessary for proper growth, egg production, and health of the birds. Feeding any other ingredients, mixed with the feed or fed separately, upsets the balance of nutrients in the "complete" feed. Feeding additional grain or supplement with the complete poultry feed is not recommended. Young chickens or broilers kept for meat production are fed...
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Maintaining high fertility is critical for successful hatching egg production. Changes in diets can be used to improve fertility. Selenium is an essential nutrient and is important for reducing cell membrane damage. Selenium is found in different forms. Organic forms are found in plant and animal materials and are generally easier for animals to absorb. Research has shown that selenium is essential for male fertility (successful sperm). This trial looked at the effect of selenium...
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A global shortage of feed phosphate has forced producers to review dietary levels. But care is needed when making changes, as Aviagen's Anthony Waller explains. Suppliers of feed phosphates announced around Christmas 2007 that supplies of phosphates would be insufficient to meet orders from the animal feed industry. In some cases only 30% of ordered tonnage was supplied. This had a serious impact upon poultry feed manufacturers and producers, in terms of ability to supply stock...
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An experiment was conducted using ninety-six, day old broiler chicks to study the effect of inclusion of heat-treated rock phosphate (HTRP) instead of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) on performance of broilers. Total four diets were tested. Control diet (T1) was prepared using maize 54.08 %, soybean meal 25.73 %, deoiled rice polish 9.19 %, fishmeal 8.00 %, mineral mixture (MM) 3.0 % and vitamin supplements. All the diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric (22% CP and 2800 kcal ME/kg). ...
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SELENIUM: AN ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENT Incorporation of essential trace elements into the diets of all animals is required for maintenance of health, growth, and myriad biochemicalphysiological functions (Scott et al., 1982). Among these essential trace elements is selenium (Se). Selenium was discovered by Berzelius in Sweden in 1818, but a biological significance of this element was not recognized until it was identified as the toxic agent associated with ‘alkali disease’, now...
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Zinc (Zn) has been known to be an essential nutrient for normal growth and feathering of chicks for half a century (O’Dell and Savage, 1957). The zinc requirement of chicks was first defined to be 30 ppm by Roberson and Schaible (1958). Subsequent research provided evidence for the 1994 Nutrient Requirements for Poultry (NRC, 1994) to set the requirements of broilers at 40 ppm. However, most of these research data are more than 10 years old and do not represent the needs of modern...
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It has been suggested that in the not too distant future broilers will be produced in cages (Smith, 1972). From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, many attempts were made to design cage facilities for the rearing of broiler chickens from hatch to market age. Unfortunately, none of these early cage systems allowed economical broiler production because there were high incidences of downgrades (Lloyd, 1969), breast blisters (Andrews and Goodwin, 1973), soft, distorted and broken bones (Merkley,...
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The current physiological status of broiler breeder hens and how to meet their nutritional requirements has recently been examined (Renema and Robinson, 2004). The amazing genetic progress of modern breeders was greatly emphasized. Modern broiler stocks can grow at 4.6 times the rate of a 1957 random-bred strain (Havenstein et al., 2003a). The 6-fold improvement in carcass yield of 2001 stock fed a 2001-type diet compared to 1957 birds fed a 1957 diet is 85-90% due to genetics and only 10-15%...
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Egg shell quality has always been a problem in the layer industry. Economic losses because of poor shell quality are estimated to be greater than $250 million per year (Bell, 1998). Numerous studies have been conducted to solve poor shell quality problems. Many of these studies have focused on macro minerals, especially calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) (Keshavarz, 1988; Roush et al.,1986). A study on different levels of calcium (2.5, 3.5 and 4.5%) has shown that both 3.5 and 4.5% Ca...
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In 1974, when the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved selenium as a feed supplement, inorganic selenium, primarily as sodium selenite, became the traditional source for dietary supplemental selenium for poultry and livestock (Leeson and Summers, 1991). That decision in 1974 was based on cost of the selenium supplements and lack of information on selenomethionine, and it was ironic because the commonly used plant- and animal-based feed ingredients contain selenium almost...
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Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for the normal growth and feathering of chicks (O’Dell and Savage, 1957; 1960). The zinc requirement for chicks was first defined as 30 ppm by Roberson and Schaible (1958) and later revised to 40 ppm for broilers (NRC, 1994). However, much of the data on which these requirements were based may not be applicable to modern commercial poultry strains (Leeson, 2005). Concomitantly, in recent years organically-complexed mineral sources, e.g., proteinates...
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Nutritional needs of food animals must be met by provision of nutrients from plants, soil, and even from prey animals. Many of the potential nutrients are minerals that exist in chemical complexes that are not readily available. This condition is advantageous for animals because many of the minerals can be toxic, but nutritionists have demonstrated that a large number of minerals, either as macronutrients or as micronutrients, are required for normal growth and development of animals...
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Dietary minerals are vital for maintaining life. They are involved in a myriad of metabolic and physiological processes critical to human and animal health and general well-being. With advances in mineral nutrition and detection capabilities, the importance of consuming adequate amounts of macro- (Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K and S) and microminerals (Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se and Zn) has been emphasized. Furthermore, the function and deficiency/toxicity syndromes of most minerals...
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Phytic acid is abundant in all plant seeds serving as the chief storage form of phosphorus (P). The phytic acid molecule has a high P content (28.2%); and since a major portion of poultry and pig diets consists of plant-derived ingredients, P from the phytic acid assumes considerable nutritional significance. The ability of poultry and pigs to utilise phytate P is poor (Nelson, 1967; Ravindran et al., 1995; Kornegay, 1999) due to either insufficient quantity or a lack of intestinal phytase...
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The fourth annual Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Conference will be held March 30 at the Holiday Inn Select in Timonium, Md.
Topics will include nutrition and immunity interrelationships in broilers, dietary lutein and retention in poultry products with potential for aiding macular degeneration, effect of dietary nitrogen and phosphorous reductions and environmental concerns.
The conference is a regional event presented by the Maryland Feed Industry Council, University of Maryland, Pennsylvania...
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