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Minerals in poultry nutrition
Minerals in poultry nutrition are typically classified as macro- or micro-minerals, depending on the levels needed in the diet. The macro-minerals include calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Requirements for the macro-minerals are typically expressed as a percentage of the diet, while the requirements for the micro-minerals are stated as parts per million. Although the quantities required for micro-minerals are lower than for macro-minerals, they play an essential role in the body's metabolism. The micro-minerals include copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc.
Trace minerals are often supplied in the forms of inorganic salts such as sulphates into poultry feed to meet the requirements. The ionic bonds in inorganic salts of minerals are very weak allowing the metal ion to disassociate once in contact with water, binding up diet antagonists such as other minerals, vitamins, and enzymes. To mitigate these negative effects technologies such as organic minerals or mineral complexes, which are less reactive, are used. In hydroxychloride minerals (Hyd)...
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I. INTRODUCTION The continuous genetic improvements are increasing the first commercial egg size produced and extending the production life of the layer hens worldwide. These improvements are related to what happens at rearing and at the start of the production. Early studies showed that while approximately 60 to 75% of the calcium destined for the shell comes directly from intestinal absorption (Driggers and Comar, 1949), up to 36% could be traced to bones (Mueller et al., 1964)....
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Zinc is an essential trace mineral in broiler nutrition. However, in commercial practice it is often fed above requirements to prevent any deficiencies. To prevent deficiencies, Zinc hydroxychloride (HTM) (IntelliBond®, Trouw Nutrition, Netherlands) provides versatility to optimise the producer’s trace mineral program and allow them to feed levels lower than those commercially used today in the form of sulfate trace minerals (STM). Raw data of nine studies was combined into...
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Duarte Neves (Zinpro) The poultry industry is facing a problem with the fertility of broiler breeder eggs. The use of elevated amounts of trace minerals such as zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) within a broiler breeder diet has been previously linked to an increase in eggshell quality, which in turn may lead to an increased fertility rate. A parameter that has been linked to an increased eggshell quality is shell translucency. The...
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Cibele Torres (Zinpro) This study investigated the performance of broilers fed diets formulated to optimize phytate hydrolysis in the upper gut and supplemented with reduced levels of Zn in the form of Zn amino acid complexed minerals (ZnAA). A total of 3,600 d-old straight-run Ross 308 broilers were randomly distributed across 72 floor pens. Birds received 1 of 6 diets (corn-soybean meal based) from day one to 37 d with 12 replicate pens per...
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Cibele Torres (Zinpro) shares the results of her research and highlights the improved breast yield obtained, as well as cost and environmental benefits, in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2024 in Atlanta, USA....
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The impact of extruded soybean processing temperatures conditions on broiler’s ileal and cecal microbiota composition and function
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John Boney (Pennsylvania State University) New generations of feed enzymes are included to enhance nutrient utilization. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new generation phytase, HiPhorius (HP), and protease, ProAct 360, when fed to peaking hens. Dietary treatments included Positive Control (PC), Negative Control 1 (NC1) at 0.15% nPP, NC1+600 FYT/kg HP, NC1+900 FYT/kg HP, Negative Control 2 (NC2) with a 2% crude protein (CP)...
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I. INTRODUCTION As we learn more about the negative impacts of calcium (Ca) on the availability of phosphorus (P) in broiler diets, it highlights how little we know about Ca requirements, digestibility of Ca in ingredients and optimal Ca to P ratios. The interactions through which Ca exerts some of its negative effects can be direct or through chelation’s with phytate and the latter having a profound impact on the efficacy of phytase and on P digestibility....
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Mike Persia (Virginia Tech) Experiments were conducted to determine the bioavailability of fine ground aragonite (FGA) using 0-14 d old broilers and to determine the use of FGA on performance, eggshell quality, and tibia ash (TA) of laying hens from 28-56 wks. In experiment 1, 450 as hatched Ross 708 broilers were fed a basal diet without either LS or FGA containing 0.35% Ca and LS and FGA additions resulting in 0.43, 0.51, 0.59, and 0.67% Ca. Body...
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Mike Persia (Virginia Tech) explains the characteristics of aragonite, how it is harvested, and its potential as a calcium source for poultry nutrition, in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2024 in Atlanta, USA....
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Duarte Neves (Zinpro) explains how amino-acid complexed mineral supplementation to broiler breeders can positively impact eggshell quality and translucency, in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2024 in Atlanta, USA....
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Álvaro Gordillo (BASF) explains his research presented at IPPE 2024 in Atlanta, USA, and comments on the bioavailability and microencapsulation of vitamins, during this Engormix interview....
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John Boney (Pennsylvania State University) comments on improvements in egg production with superdosing of phytase while reducing phosphorus, in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2024 in Atlanta, USA....
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Fausto Solís (The Wenger Group) speaks on a replacement of calcium carbonate in layer diets, as well as the importance of magnesium levels, during this interview at IPPE in Atlanta, USA....
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Soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) are two plant-based protein sources which contain reasonable amounts (2.9 and 6.8 g/kg, respectively) of calcium (Ca). Currently, no published values are available for the Ca digestibility in SBM and limited studies (Anwar et al., 2018; Moss et al., 2018) are available for the Ca digestibility in CM. Microbial phytases are now routinely added in poultry diets to improve the bioavailability of phosphorus (P) bound to phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate)...
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Joshua Jendza (Qualitech) talks about avoiding pathogen growth while providing iron to the bird, and how iron works against Salmonella and other bacteria, during this Engormix interview....
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Mycotoxins interfere in the vitamin D metabolism leading to poor calcium absorption, causing Lameness. Does anyone agree to this point? ...
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I. INTRODUCTION With ongoing genetic selection for improved persistency of lay and feed efficiency (FE) in laying hens, the egg industry is pursuing the opportunity to extend layer hen lifespan until they are 100 weeks of age (WOA), with an aim for each hen to produce up to 500 eggs. This presents some challenges for the hen as during this longer laying cycle she will be producing more than 31 kg of egg product (Muir et al., 2022c) and using approximately 1 kg of calcium (Ca) to...
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I. INTRODUCTION Calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) are two essential minerals for the skeletal growth and other biological functions in poultry. Maintaining an appropriate balance between Ca and P is necessary as these minerals are closely associated in their absorption and post absorptive utilisation. Because of the recent works on the measurement of digestible Ca in feed ingredients, initiative has been taken to determine the standardised ileal digestible (SID) Ca and SID P...
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I. INTRODUCTION Calcium (Ca) is an important nutrient for skeletal development, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, acid-base balance, and a cofactor for blood clotting and endogenous enzymes. Due to the involvement of Ca in numerous functions in the body, accurate supply of dietary Ca is essential for optimal growth, feed efficiency and nutrient utilisation. Oversupply of dietary Ca or an imbalance between dietary Ca and phosphorus (P) has been linked to significant reductions in...
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