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Swine genetics and reproduction
The performance of pigs is the result of two influences: genetics and environment. Because the genetics of a pig plays an important role in its performance and meat quality, all pig producers should be familiar with the potential and application of genetic selection.
The genetic potential of pigs can have a major influence on the productivity and profitability of a pig enterprise. It is the combination of genetics, nutrition, health, environment and management that influences such factors as litter size, growth rates and carcass quality.
The reproductive herd is for the multiplication of maternal and paternal lines that are prized for economically valuable reproductive traits, or, traits that generate desirable offspring reliably. Typically, prized reproductive traits include litter size, particularly total number of pigs born, and pigs weaned, weight of the litter of piglets at birth and weaning, wean-to-estrus interval (WEI), and pigs per sow per year (PSY). In more recent years, length of time a sow remains productive in the herd (longevity or survivability) is increasing in priority for major genetic lines. These traits are prioritized due to the impact on value of the sow to the herd.
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Background Although selenium (Se) acts as part of hormones and enzymes influencing the activity of all organs and tissues, the major metabolic role of Se in the body is related to selenoproteins and the antioxidant system. However, in embryos, fetuses, and newborns, the synthesis of selenoproteins from Se-methionine (SeMet) is impaired due to the inactivity of cystathionine gamma lyase in the metabolic pathway, in spite of its mRNA expression [1, 2]. This would imply...
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Cordyceps militaris hot water extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in porcine alveolar macrophages by regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway
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The swine industry has made great strides in swine reproduction; most specifically in the areas of increased litter size, increased milk production and improvements in productivity traits. With such rapid growth and improvement in those areas, other areas are lacking because sows’ diets haven’t all been adjusted yet to account for the nutritional and physiological demands of increased productivity. In general, piglet birth weight has decreased due to larger litter sizes...
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The trace minerals provide essential nutrients required for various metabolic functions such as growth, development, reproduction and immunity. Even moderate deficiency can adversely effect animal performance. Consequent to urbanization and introduction of exotic breed as well as crossbreeding programme in livestock production, the increasing trends toward confinement of livestock, without access to soil or adequate green forage, increases the importance of...
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Introduction In the early twentieth century, Ivanow reported the use of the artificial insemination technique (AI) in pig(1,2). However, the commercial application of AI began at the 1980s(3). Its success can be attributed to improvement in the boar:sow ratio, increase of the impact of individual boars in both genetic progress and reproductive efficiency; and limited spread of venereal diseases. Improvement in animal management and quality controls of semen doses and their...
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Emily Metz (Genus PLC) explained how can gene editing help in fighting diseases and discussed Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRS) as an example, during 2019 NIAA Annual Conference: Animal Agriculture - Innovation, Technology and Consumer Engagement in Des Moines, Iowa, USA....
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Swine neonatal diarrhea is one of the major causes of death and economic losses in swine production. The enterotoxigenic (ETEC), verotoxigenic (VTEC) and porcine enteropathogenic (PEPEC) strains are one of the most representative pathogenic variants of E. coli (9, 11, 12). There are a number of virulence factors associated with ETEC strains, such as the production of heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins with two variants (STa and STb) (2). The mechanism of pathogenicity of ETEC...
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Introduction Site-specific information on the exact levels of vitamin E supplementation to gilts to optimize their reproductive ability and subsequently the body development of the piglets are lacking in most parts of the world particularly in the developing nations like ours. Most estimates on vitamin E supplementation are based on the minimum level required to overcome deficiency symptoms and not necessarily to promote productivity. The fundamental role of vitamin E in...
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Introduction The reproductive output of pigs depends on many factors affecting both females and males. It is generally accepted that there is a large variation in the fertility results, mainly caused by farm- and sow-related parameters (Hanenberg et al., 2001). In southern Uruguay, seasonal variations in reproductive performance of swine herds are observed, with farrowing rate below 57% between November and February (Motta, 1991). Several factors can be minimized...
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Introduction Infectious diseases continue to pose significant economic losses to the animal industry. The routine use of antibiotics at subtherapeutic doses for disease prevention in animal production practices is suspected to be a major force that drives the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens [1,2]. Therefore, it is imperative to develop novel antimicrobial strategies with a low risk of triggering resistance. Dietary compounds with the capacity to augment HDP synthesis...
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During the past 20 years, there have been significant improvements in animal nutrition, housing, waste management, and mechanization, but little progress has been made in increasing reproduction. Unfortunately, there are no quick and easy solutions for improving reproductive performance. Livestock farmers generally appreciate the time and input costs required to grow animals from birth to market weight. What is sometimes overlooked is the substantial expense...
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Cordyceps militaris hot water extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in porcine alveolar macrophages by regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway
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Background The pig, Sus scrofa, appeared in South East Asia ~4.2 million years ago (M) [1], colonizing a wide range of habitats thereafter including Europe and North Africa. European and Asian wild boars are estimated to have diverged ~1.2 M [2]. The wild boar is among the first of the domesticated livestock species, an event that occurred approximately 8,000-10,000 BC both in Europe and in Asia in independent events [3,4]. Today, thanks to the intense modern breeding and...
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Introduction The conventional management in the swine industry is for weaning to start the sow’s next reproductive cycle. However, breeding sows during lactation has been proposed as an alternative that may increase sow productivity. If sows conceive while lactating, farrowing interval and nonproductive days may be decreased, increasing the litters per sow per year. Early attempts to breed sows during lactation yielded inconsistent results (Crighton, 19701 ; Stevenson and...
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Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), caused by a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus (1–3), was first identified in England in 1971 and later in other countries, such as Belgium, China, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Thailand (4–11). In April of 2013, PED emerged in U.S. swine (12) and was detected in swine herds in 18 U.S. states by the end of October (http://www.aasv.org/pedv /PEDV_weekly_report_103013.pdf), causing considerable economic losses. An isolate of PED virus...
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Introduction The fertility results of pig artificial insemination (AI) in The Netherlands are considered to be one of the highest worldwide. More than 98% of the sows in The Netherlands is mated through AI. Sow farmers put great trust in AI and are fully depending on the quality of the product. The Dutch cooperative pig AI centers put large efforts in producing high quality insemination doses as far as semen quality and genetic quality. In this paper the following aspects...
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Introduction Background to life stages and metabolism-mediated development The pace and pattern of life stages is the subject of organismal life history, one of biology's most integrative disciplines. The life histories of mammals are described by a number of characteristics, some of which relate to the timing and duration of life stages...
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INTRODUCTION Boar spermatozoa are characterized by high susceptibility to lipid peroxidation (Cerolini et al., 2000). Indeed, mammalian spermatozoa are unique in structure and chemical composition and contain high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the phospholipid fraction of their membranes (Cerolini et al., 2000; Surai, 2002; 2006). This feature of these highly specialized cells is a reflection of...
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