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Mycotoxins in feedstuffs
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Introduction Changing climatic conditions in Western Canada has led to increased amounts of wheat grain failing milling grade standards and as a result more is available as feed (He et al., 2015). One reason for wheat grain failing grading standards is infection with Fusarium graminearum and/or Claviceps purpurea, which produce deoxynivalenol (DON; Bianchini et al., 2015) and ergot alkaloids (EA; Tittlemier et al., 2015), respectively. Due to the ability of the rumen microbial...
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1. Introduction Traditionally, beer industry by-product (brewer’s grain) is used as a feedstuff intended for swine in the central region of Argentina. Worldwide, fungal contamination of foods and feeds, with consequent mycotoxin production, is a significant problem. Previous studies performed in Brazil determined the fungal flora as well as the presence of different mycotoxins in brewer’s grain and barley rootlets [1, 2]. Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly carcinogenic and...
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1. Introduction Commercial mixed feeds are a basic element in modern animal production. They contain mixtures of home grown cereals and imported commodities among other ingredients. The use of such ingredients inevitably leads to the contamination of the final mixed feed with fungi [1]. Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites associated with severe toxic effects to vertebrates and produced by important phytopathogenic spoilage fungi including Aspergillus ,...
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Introduction Ergot alkaloids (EA) are a group of compounds produced primarily by fungi of the Claviceps and Epichloë spp. Ergot infection has traditionally been associated with grasses and rye, however when conditions are favourable, other important cereals such as wheat, barley, triticale and oats can become infected. The fungus prefers cool, moist conditions during the flowering phase of the host plant and there is evidence that the incidence is increasing. For example, in a...
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In scientific publications in the 1980s – 1990s you can find information about a spreading of mycotoxins. But since that time cultivars and agricultural technology have changed, methods of grain storage and grain processing have improved due to the overal progress. Between January 2009 and December 2011 Austrian researchers selected 7049 samples of grain on different continents. The samples were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFB), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON),...
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Introduction: The use of industry by-products and few other feed ingredients as feedstuff for swine is a regular practice and usually increases animal performances, hence making it more economical. The occurrence of aflatoxin contamination is global, causing severe problems especially in developing countries. Due to the insidious nature of aflatoxin production and the resulting disease states which made diagnosis of aflatoxin difficult; many cases of animal aflatoxicosis...
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Introduction: Mycotoxins are a large family of toxic fungal metabolites which occur worldwide in various cereals and other feed commodities. During the whole chain from field to feeding, mycotoxins can be produced by molds in plant material. There are numerous mycotoxins which are very toxic to farm animals and may cause different diseases. Therefore they are responsible for reducing animal production. Materials and Methods: To test the occurrence of multiple...
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Introduction: Because of natural occurrence of mycotoxins in the finished food and grains used for the formulation of rations of various species, mycotoxicosis is considered a critical problem in swine feed production. Facing the difficulty of detection of mycotoxins in the finished food or raw material, it is important to increase the sampling frequency, because the effect of the mycotoxins is cumulative as the consumption of contaminated grains or contaminated food to...
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Among mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), is one of the most prevalent and occurs worldwide in feed. Virginie Marquis, Toxicology R&D Manager at Phileo by Lesaffre, speaks about how to reduce the risk of DON for health of the livestock
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Introduction Nursery pig diets typically contain highly digestible and expensive ingredients (e.g., animal protein sources) to combat the post-weaning growth lag (Campbell and Dunkin, 1983; Lallès et al., 2004). However, after an initial reduction in growth performance, nursery pigs fed simple, corn-and soybean meal ( SBM )-based diets can achieve body weights not different from pigs fed nursery diets that contain highly digestible ingredients via compensatory growth...
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1. Introduction Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary toxic metabolite mainly produced by Fusarium species that belongs to the trichothecenes family. DON frequently occurs in cereals, including wheat, maize, barley, rye and oats [1]. A 10-year survey from 2008 to 2017 of the global mycotoxin occurrence in feed revealed that DON was the most prevalent of mycotoxins and was detected in 64% of 74,821 samples collected from 100 countries [2]. Therefore, DON is considered to be...
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Interested in learning more about what drives VICAM innovation? Dr. Lingyun Chen, VICAM's Director of R&D, shares about the unique requirements for food and agricultural producers and processors to accurately detect mycotoxins outside of the traditional laboratory environment....
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In the first half of 2020, Life Rainbow Biotech randomly collected 208 feed samples of raw materials and feed mills in farms and analyzed. The samples were tested for aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), zearalenone, fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) and deoxynivalenol by the ELISA Mycotoxin analysis kit (Romer Labs®). Results: 208 feed samples collected, and 72.6% were contaminated with Fumonisins and 84.6% contaminated with deoxynivalenol (table 1 ). All the...
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Wheat—the most widely cultivated crop in the world—is under growing attack from harmful toxins. Across Europe, almost half of wheat crops are impacted by the fungal infection that gives rise to these toxins, according to a study led by fungal biologist Dr. Neil Brown from the U.K.'s University of Bath,...
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1. Introduction Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus and Penicillium species that can be found as a contaminant of poultry feeds. OTA contamination can occur from cool temperate to tropical regions (Northern and Southern America, Northern and Western Europe, Africa and South Asia) [1]. Dietary contamination by OTA also poses a big risk for animal health and is a food safety concern due to the transfer of this...
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1. INTRODUCTION Global programs are involved in addressing food and nutrition in the developing countries (WHO 2018). Improving nutrition is undoubtedly a challenging interdisciplinary proposition that involves availability and consumption of nutritious food. Covid-19 pandemic has further exposed the vulnerability of food systems in the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Green revolution was one milestone towards achieving food security when high yielding crop...
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1. Introduction In Uganda, maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops in terms of production, consumption, and income generation. Because of its relevance, maize was one of the food security crops–and the only cereal–selected by the Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries of Uganda to implement a 5-year, multi-million USD agricultural intervention as part of the Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP) during 2010–2015 (MAAIF, 2010). The...
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1. Introduction Throughout the world, dietary starch and proteins are mainly obtained from cereals [1]. Other nutritional components of cereals include fiber, non-starch carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and vitamins [2]. Because of their high nutritive values, good health effects and their availability, cereals have been an essential source of human food for millions of years [3]. In the year 2022, estimated cereal production is 2799 million tons, with a high proportion of coarse...
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INTRODUCTION Antimycotoxins additives (AMAs) are among the multiple approaches used to detoxify aflatoxin-contaminated feedstuffs (OGUZ, 2012). Not all commercially available AMAs have proven efficacy, which should be based on in vitro and in vivo findings (BRASIL, 2006; MALLMANN et al., 2007). Most in vitro studies employ artificial biological fluids or other models mimicking the animal’s gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (AVANTAGGIATO et al., 2003, 2007). Nonetheless,...
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Evaluating the effect of a mycotoxin-deactivator can be quite challenging. How should we choose between in vitro and in vivo?...
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