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Mycotoxins in feedstuffs
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In feed production, the biggest losses are often invisible. Long before you see mold or smell a bad odor, fungi might already be growing in your raw materials or finished feed. This hidden enemy silently destroys nutrition, creates dangerous toxins, and reduces your farm's profits. Fungal control is not just an...
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1. Introduction Grains are major ingredients for farm animals raised in integration production systems, which primarily contributes energy to the diet. One of the concerns when using grain ingredients in feed formulation is mycotoxin contamination [1]. Previous publications have suggested that about 70% of cereal based feeds are contaminated with at least one mycotoxin [2]. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by different fungi and are defined as “natural...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are naturally occurring small-molecule secondary metabolites produced by certain mold species, primarily from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Claviceps, Fusarium, and Penicillium genera, among others [1]. The production of mycotoxins can occur globally in numerous crops and under a wide range of environmental and agronomic conditions, from field production through harvest, storage, and feed out. Some of the major factors affecting mycotoxin production...
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1. Introduction Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the main diseases of wheat, and the toxins produced by the fungus make it a feared problem. FHB is a very complex disease of wheat; many genetic and non genetic effectors modify disease response [1–4]. In the review, we concentrate on three important points that were not in the centrum of the research, therefore they were rather neglected in the past decades (problems in resistance evaluation, the resistance types, and...
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In today’s modern livestock industry, few threats generate such significant losses while remaining as invisible as mycotoxins. Although they often do not cause immediate mortality or obvious clinical signs, their cumulative impact can severely deteriorate productivity, feed efficiency, reproductive performance,...
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1. Introduction FHB is one of the most destructive diseases affecting wheat. Heavy epidemics can cause very high yield losses in individual fields, and large regions can be devastated where not only is the yield reduced, but also the remaining yield suffers severe quality losses due to toxins [1–3]. Consequently, the toxin contamination may cause severe financial damage. Resistance to FHB is a complex phenomenon. “Fusarium head blight”, caused by different Fusarium...
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1. Introduction Toxigenic fungi cause severe economic losses during maize production, and the preharvest or postharvest occurrence of all toxin limits must be measured. When in the field, the preharvest character dominates breeding in terms of resistance, fungicide protection, etc., and provides valuable information toward their control. As in Hungary A. flavus is a new problem of possible preharvest origin, it was the focus of this paper. However, near to no published data are known...
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1. Introduction Ear rots due to toxigenic fungi cause significant damage in maize. They cause losses in maize grain yield, and most of the damage is caused by the presence of mycotoxins. Some of these toxins have gained extra attention in recent years, as the warming of the climate—namely, warmer, and hotter vegetative seasons—is expected to increase the risk of contamination by fumonisins and (mostly) aflatoxins. Maize is one of the most-exposed crops to mycotoxins;...
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1. Introduction The maize is most exposed to toxigenic fungi compared to other cereals. The ear rots GER (Gibberella ear rot), FER (Fusarium ear rot), and AER (Aspergillus ear rot) that affect maize in Hungary have been recognized for decades [1–3]. Regarding GER and FER, the origin of these toxins has never been explored in the international and national literature, but aflatoxin has been investigated. Christensen and Kaufmann [4] classified it as a storage pathogen without...
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Background – what are aflatoxins and their impacts Aflatoxins are highly toxic compounds produced by certain strains of Aspergillus fungi, particularly A. flavus and A. parasiticus. These toxins, regulated at very low levels (parts per...
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Tropical and subtropical regions across South and Southeast Asia, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa contribute a major share of worlds maize, sorghum, groundnuts, cottonseed and other important feed ingredients. However, these regions also face a major challenge- climatic condition that strongly encourage fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination. High temperatures, heavy humidity and regular rainfall create an ideal environment where several toxin producing fungi can grow...
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Clement Soulet (Cargill) comments on how performance determines these thresholds and highlights the impact of multi-mycotoxin contamination in this Engormix interview. ...
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Clement Soulet (Cargill) discusses four important steps in risk management strategies and offers recommendations on mycotoxin mitigation in this Engormix interview. ...
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Clement Soulet (Cargill) explains how the Global Mycotoxin Report is conducted, shares its findings, and analyzes concerning trends and very useful data in this Engormix interview. ...
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Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus section Flavi, mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These species may infect food and feed along entire agri-food chains, synthesizing the toxin when environmental conditions are favorable. The scenario of climate change that the world will have to face in the next decades is expected to increase the levels of AF contamination in cereals, nuts, spices, and legumes, among other important crops around the...
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1. Introduction Oats (Avena sativa L.) have become an increasingly important cereal crop due to their health benefits, particularly in reducing the risk of coronary heart diseases (Thies et al., 2014), and their growing incorporation into human diets (Rasane et al., 2015). For example, corresponding with increased oat consumption trends, oat production in the United Kingdom reached 986 thousand tonnes in 2024, representing a 19 % increase compared to the previous year (DEFRA, 2024)....
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Andrew Vignati from VICAM shares how a small feed mill in Arkansas recovered from a contamination crisis using on-site mycotoxin testing. ...
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1. Introduction Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most significant wheat diseases and is responsible for causing some of the most severe losses in wheat production [1]. According to existing data released by the FAO [2,3], approximately 25% of harvested grain, including wheat, is contaminated with toxins. The global grain yield in 2018 was 2250 million tons; of this, 800 million tons was wheat, and similar yields have been seen since then, with increasing tendency. Of this...
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Understanding the actual health risk of mycotoxins requires more than simply measuring their presence in grain; it demands a precise characterization of the hazards they pose at realistic exposure levels. A comprehensive review by authors František Malíř, Darina Picková, Jakub Toman, Yann Grosse, and Vladimír Ostrý, published in Mycotoxin Research (DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00478-2), updates the current status of hazard characterization for major...
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Introduction Within livestock production, feed accounts for 65 to 70 % of the total cost of production; however, despite constant efforts to achieve the safety of food intended for animal production, there are still factors that diminish its quality, such as biological pathogens (such as Salmonella spp., E. coli, Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp.), chemical substances (fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides), and presence of fungi (Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucor etc.)(1). Fungal...
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