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1 - INTRODUCTION Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is an ascomycete fungal pathogen and the main causative agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab disease, on wheat. F. graminearum infects wheat floral tissues at flowering (anthesis), secreting many cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), other proteins and metabolites as well as mycotoxins that contaminate the developing grain, rendering it unsuitable for both human and livestock consumption (McMullen et al.,...
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DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM A principal goal of nutritionists is to provide birds with a balanced diet that maximizes production at the least cost. Meat bird performance is maximized when feeding pelleted diets (Patton et al., 1937; Hussar and Robblee, 1962; Jensen et al., 1962). However, the nutritional value of feed presented to birds in feed pans throughout the house may not align with diet formulation due to mixer uniformity, feed line length, pellet degradation, and subsequent...
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The Institute for Feed Education and Research (IFEEDER) has taken another step toward advancing sustainability within the animal food industry with the release of new industry sustainability materials . Representing both U.S. and Canadian industry members and stakeholders, these resources, developed in collaboration with the Context Network and...
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I.INTRODUCTION Both overheating and underheating affect the nutritional value and quality of SB (Karr-Lilienthal et al., 2004). Undercooked SB results in an excessive concentration of antinutritional factors, such as TI, decreasing the intestinal activity of pancreatic proteases. In contrast, excessive heat treatment results in a Maillard reaction that reduces nutrient digestibility (Araba and Dale, 1990). Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the contributions of...
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Introduction Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi of Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species (31). These toxic metabolites are often found in grains and a substantial percentage of animal feed (18). The most common mycotoxins harmful to animal health are aflatoxin B1 (AFL B1), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2), ochratoxin (OTA) and T-2 toxin (T-2) (6). Different mycotoxins induce different effects on animal...
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Introduction Wheat grains are important staple foods consumed worldwide. They are used as animal feeds, ingredients in food processing, or in the brewing industries (Giraldo et al. 2019). However, pre-and post-harvest colonisation by mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins can occur depending on pre-harvest weather conditions and whether effective drying regimes have been applied for safe storage (Aldred and Magan 2004). Fusarium graminearum is predominantly responsible for...
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Rick Kleyn (Consultant at Spesfeed) comments on levels of protein, energy, and phosphorus when formulating poultry diets, in this Engormix interview....
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Nelson Ruiz (Nelson Ruiz Nutrition LLC) A set of 24 solvent extracted commercial soybean meal (CSBM) samples, which corresponded to the same lots of CSBM used in the field, were evaluated. The CSBM were from different origins (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Trinidad & Tobago, U.S.). The objective herein was to evaluate the relationship between KOH protein solubility (KOHPS, a measurement of overprocessing) and trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA, a...
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ARLINGTON, Va. – In its mission-driven work to provide the U.S. animal food industry with tools to support industry members in developing and advancing internal sustainability programs, the Institute for Feed Education and Research (IFEEDER) has added ...
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Steve Leeson (Professor Emeritus, University of Guelph) talks about the evolution of the modern broiler and its response to energy and amino acids in diet formulation, as well as the impact of energy and fat on feed costs, in this Engormix interview....
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Steve Leeson (Professor Emeritus, University of Guelph) comments on the use of amino acids in broiler nutrition and the performance of low energy diets, in this Engormix interview....
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Steve Leeson (Professor Emeritus, University of Guelph) explains the advantages of Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AMEn) over other methodologies, and comments on the relevance of nitrogen retention in this Engormix interview....
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Introduction Fusarium graminearum is a globally important pathogen causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease of cereals worldwide which can be caused by several Fusarium spp. The pathogen has biotrophic and necrotrophic (saprophytic) growth phases [1] that require adaptation to different environments like soils, plant debris, and living plants. The fungus is responsible for yield losses and contamination of the grains with mycotoxins; mainly deoxynivalenol (DON)...
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Introduction In the recent years, the European legislation aimed to strongly reduce the impact of agricultural practices on environment and on health and wellness of operators and consumers. Community new Directives and Regulations, gradually implemented by specific Legislative Decrees at national level, imposed the revision of all criteria and rules for the production, market and use of active substances and products for plant protection in the European Union. This led to a...
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Yeasts are single-celled, facultative anaerobic eukaryotes that are prevalent in various fermented feeds. Yeasts can negatively affect silage quality by metabolizing available nutrients within the feed which leads to dry matter loss and decreased nutritive value, and by producing ethanol which can lead to off flavors in milk when consumed. Yeasts also oxidize lactic acid, which increases silage pH and promotes the growth of organisms such as mycotoxin-producing molds. Although wild yeasts...
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Introduction Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a global disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), causing severe epidemics in Brazil, the USA, Canada, China and Europe over recent years [1]. FHB is caused by the Fusarium species of hemibiotrophic fungi, with F. graminearum being the most prevalent worldwide [2]. In wheat, the characteristic symptom of FHB is the bleaching of infected spikelets prior to senescence [3]. This bleaching can spread from the...
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Introduction Aspergillus is a filamentous fungus that produces mycotoxins (secondary metabolites), the main contaminants of food and cause adverse effects on human and animal health. The consumption of these toxins may lead to immunosuppressive, mutagenic, and carcinogenic diseases [1]. Various species of the genus Aspergillus produce aflatoxins such as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus A. nomius, A. pseudotamarii, A. bombycis, and A. ochraceoroseus [2,...
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Introduction Maize ( Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop before wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rice ( Oryza sp.) for worldwide production. In Northwestern (NW) Europe, maize cultivation started on a large scale with the upcoming of hybrid cultivars in the 1960s. However, in the 500 years since Columbus’ voyages, a great array of landraces were cultivated in NW Europe which descended mainly from Northern flints introduced from...
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1. Introduction Fusarium of the spike is the main disease of cereal plants worldwide. The disease can lead to a significant reduction in yield (up to 30%) and quality in the form of atrophy, weight loss and discoloration. Fusarium also produces mycotoxins, which can adversely affect livestock and human health [1]. Early and rapid detection, monitoring of the development of the disease are the bases for the control of Fusarium and the mycotoxins it produces in seeds. Currently,...
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I. INTRODUCTION Wheat is the predominant feed grain in Australia and other dry regions in the world. Typical broiler diets in Australia contain 60-70% wheat. Climate-induced factors, including elevated temperature, have been reported as depressing crop production around the globe during the last few decades (Fernie et al., 2022) and there is limited understanding of how climate-induced factors may influence the nutritional quality of wheat. The sowing time of wheat is the most...
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