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Poultry genetics and reproduction
Poultry breeding has been one of the most impactful advances in the last 100 years. The role that improved global production of eggs and poultry meat have in reducing global hunger and food insecurity is difficult to overstate. The vast majority of these improvements have come from genetic selection for improved feed efficiency, along with streamlining of the overall production system, and better understanding of poultry nutrition. While the industrial approach to poultry production has created a highly consistent and dependable food source the world over, several problems threaten the long term sustainability of this model - including musculoskeletal and metabolic disorders, welfare concerns, and the need to adapt to a changing climate. Researchers in poultry breeding and genetics utilize quantitative, population, and molecular genetic techniques to help understand the effects of selection for economically important traits and enhance genetic performance through changes in environment and management strategies.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a globally distributed avian disease that represents one of the most persistent sanitary problems to the commercial poultry industry. The intensive production of high-density bird populations promotes IB transmission and, in spite of intensive control programmes, outbreaks are extremely frequent in commercial flocks (USDA, 2014). The aetiological agent of IB is the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), belonging to the genus Gammacoronavirus within...
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Introduction Crossbreeding is a standard practice in poultry breeding programmes as a way of exploiting heterosis. However, there is no consensus on the most effective way to maximize the genetic response in crossbred commercial animals (Besbes and Ducrocq, 2003). Furthermore, the goal of breeding is not to maximise heterosis, but to maximise overall profitability in the commercial cross, the parents and the pure lines (Flock et al. , 1991). Environmental differences exist...
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1. Background Many members of the B7 gene superfamily are cell surface molecules involved in regulation of the immune response, but some have functions outside of the immune system [1]. Soon after the first mammalian B7 molecule was identified as important in immune co-stimulation, two other members were described with non-immune functions: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), which is found on the membranes sheathing neurons, and butyrophilin (now called Btn1A1),...
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In late November 2014 higher than normal death losses in a meat turkey and chicken broiler breeder farm in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia initiated a diagnostic investigation that led to the discovery of a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 virus. This virus, composed of 5 gene segments (PB2, PA, HA,Mand NS) related to Eurasian HPAI H5N8 and the remaining gene segments (PB1, NP and NA) related to North American lineage...
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Introduction Significant economic losses in the poultry industries due to moderate to high mortality and decreased egg production have resulted from H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infections across North Africa, the Middle East and Asia (Fusaro and others 2011, Lee and Song 2013). The currently circulating Eurasian H9N2 LPAIV has rapidly spread to become the most prevalent LPAIV in domestic poultry...
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Introduction Cytosines within the genome not only constitute part of the genetic code but are also amenable to chemical modification making them a central conveyer of epigenetic information. Methylation of the fifth position of cytosine (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) is an evolutionarily conserved epigenetic modification [1] which helps to maintain genome stability and acts as a suppressive mark for gene expression [2]. It is...
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1. Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22-nucleotide small RNA molecules that profoundly affect gene expression by directing repressive protein complexes to the untranslated region (UTR) of target messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. Since its first discovery in C. elegans [1], identification of miRNAs, some of which are evolutionarily conserved [2–4], has continued at a fast...
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A team of Canadian scientists has identified a gene that confers resistance to the broad-spectrum antibiotic fosfomycin, according to a study yesterday in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy .
The gene, dubbed fosA7, was found in 15 Salmonella enterica isolates from broiler chickens in British Columbia. The isolates were of the Salmonella Heidelberg serotype, which is commonly identified in poultry and has become one of the leading...
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Background Disease caused by foodborne pathogens contributes to serious public health concerns [1]. The Food Safety and Inspection Services (FSIS) have stated that Salmonella is the most common cause of foodborne illness among enteric pathogens [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that salmonellosis is reemerging as an important infectious disease worldwide [3]. According to the USDA-FSIS reports, presence of Salmonella due to fecal contamination of carcasses is...
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To date, the vast majority of known virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) are derived from polymerase II transcripts encoded by DNA viruses. A recent demonstration that the bovine leukemia virus, a retrovirus, uses RNA polymerase III to directly transcribe the pre-miRNA hairpins to generate viral miRNAs further supports the common notion that the canonical pathway of miRNA biogenesis does not exist commonly among RNA viruses. Here, we show that an exogenous virus...
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INTRODUCTION Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses decreasing productive and reproductive performance of birds. A growing body of evidence indicates that most of stresses in poultry production at the cellular level are associated with oxidative stress due to excess of free radical production or inadequate antioxidant protection. Recently, a concept of the cellular antioxidant defence has been...
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Abbreviations ALC: Acetyl-L-Carnitine; AREs: Antioxidant Response Elements; BSA: Bovine Serum Albumin; b.w.: Body Weight; CoQ: Coenzyme Q; eNOS: Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase; FFA: Free Fatty Acids; γGCS: γ-Glutamate Cysteine Ligase; GRα: Glucocorticoid Receptor-α; GR: Glutathione Reductase; GSH: Glutathione; GSHPx: Glutathione Peroxidase; GST: Glutathione Transferase; HO: Heme Oxygenase; HSP:...
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Effects of dietary amino acids in ameliorating intestinal function during enteric challenges in broiler chickens
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T-lymphocytes are central targets of Marek’s disease, a major chicken disease induced by the oncogenic alphaherpesvirus Marek’s disease virus (MDV). T-lymphocyte infection is also associated with immunosuppression and virus latency. To decipher viral morphogenesis in T-lymphocytes, we used the recombinant vRB-1B 47EGFP marker virus to generate a new lymphoblastoid cell line, 3867K, that exhibited typical properties of other MDV-transformed chicken...
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Introduction Host genetics plays an indispensable role in response to Salmonella colonization of chickens. For the past several years, we have been profiling the phenotype of two parental broiler lines (A and B) with regard to their resistance or susceptibility against bacterial (Salmonella enteritidis, Ferro et al., 2004; Swaggerty et al., 2005a;Enterococcus...
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1. Introduction TLRs and their downstream signaling components are mostly conserved in chickens (Lillehoj and Li, 2004; Lynnet al., 2003; Philbin et al., 2005), except for TLR4 (Keestraand van Putten, 2008). In mammals, TLR4 is expressed in a variety of immune and non-immune cells (Arpaia et al.,2011; Tang et al., 2008). One of the well-characterized ligands that binds with TLR4...
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The North American Meat Institute (NAMI) announced details for four additional free education programs at the 2017 International Production & Processing Expo (IPPE), scheduled to take place Jan. 31 – Feb. 2, at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, Ga.
The Get the Facts With Meat Mythcrushers session will introduce attendees to NAMI’s Meat Mythcrushers video series, which uses referenced facts and industry experts in the areas of affordability, animal welfare,...
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Introduction Environmental conditions influence metabolic and developmental processes during the perinatal period of mammals and avian species [1,2,3]. Changes in metabolism and development in this period can have long-term effects in later life [2,4]. Particularly glucose metabolism seems to play a crucial role in survival and early development of animals [1,5,6]. In...
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Introduction Poultry are naturally adapted to hosting a complex gastrointestinal (GI) microbial community with hundreds of bacterial species and up to 1011 CFU per gram of gut contents (1). Benefits conferred by this microbial community (the GI microbiome) include promoting beneficial development of the intestinal mucus layer, epithelial monolayer, and lamina propria (2, 3),...
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