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Poultry genetics and reproduction
Poultry breeding has been one of the most impactful advances in the last 100 years. The role that improved global production of eggs and poultry meat have in reducing global hunger and food insecurity is difficult to overstate. The vast majority of these improvements have come from genetic selection for improved feed efficiency, along with streamlining of the overall production system, and better understanding of poultry nutrition. While the industrial approach to poultry production has created a highly consistent and dependable food source the world over, several problems threaten the long term sustainability of this model - including musculoskeletal and metabolic disorders, welfare concerns, and the need to adapt to a changing climate. Researchers in poultry breeding and genetics utilize quantitative, population, and molecular genetic techniques to help understand the effects of selection for economically important traits and enhance genetic performance through changes in environment and management strategies.
Introduction Many of the genes involved in immunity are part of multigene families. In some families, each gene is conserved for a specific function dedicated to a particular outcome, in others allelic polymorphism and copy number variation allow rapid evolution in response to new challenges, and in still other families both kinds of genes are found. Some well-characterised examples for adaptive immunity include genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). For example,...
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Introduction Agricultural dust is generated in animal production facilities (Cambra-Lopez et al., 2010). Inhalation exposure to agricultural dust induces pulmonary inflammation and can lead to the development of chronic respiratory diseases (Palmberg et al., 1998; Redente and Massengale, 2006; Poole and Romberger, 2012). Several studies have demonstrated that agricultural workers, particularly poultry workers, have a...
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Background The avian ceca generally have a more important role in digestion than the cecum in most mammals. Avian ceca are usually finger-shaped blind pouches, presenting as lateral extensions at the junction of the small and large intestine and are commonly present in pairs. In birds the ceca vary considerably in size and morphology; ranging from very long, such as in most domestic poultry, to completely absent, such as in pigeons and parrots [1]. In the chicken, they reach...
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Introduction All known viruses share an absolute requirement for host cell ribosomes and are exquisitely dependent on cellular translation factors to meet their synthetic needs. Faced with this dependency, viruses have evolved strategies to commandeer the host translational apparatus [1, 2]. Studies of viral subversion of host protein synthesis machinery have not only revealed key steps in viral pathogenesis, but also...
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Introduction Vitamin D is a naturally synthesized lipid soluble vitamin and has a broad range of physiological properties, including profound effects upon immune system [1–3]. Ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation of epidermal cells constitutes the primary step for photolytic conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to Vitamin D. Modern poultry farming practices have led to an increase in density housing with minimal ultraviolet light B (UV-B) exposure. Thus, eggs produced from...
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40 Years of Success in China with Hy-Line (Mandarin-language video)
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Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a globally distributed avian disease that represents one of the most persistent sanitary problems to the commercial poultry industry. The intensive production of high-density bird populations promotes IB transmission and, in spite of intensive control programmes, outbreaks are extremely frequent in commercial flocks (USDA, 2014). The aetiological agent of IB is the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), belonging to the genus Gammacoronavirus within...
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Introduction Crossbreeding is a standard practice in poultry breeding programmes as a way of exploiting heterosis. However, there is no consensus on the most effective way to maximize the genetic response in crossbred commercial animals (Besbes and Ducrocq, 2003). Furthermore, the goal of breeding is not to maximise heterosis, but to maximise overall profitability in the commercial cross, the parents and the pure lines (Flock et al. , 1991). Environmental differences exist...
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Effects of DON and antidote on pro-inflammatory mRNA expression of broiler
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1. Background Many members of the B7 gene superfamily are cell surface molecules involved in regulation of the immune response, but some have functions outside of the immune system [1]. Soon after the first mammalian B7 molecule was identified as important in immune co-stimulation, two other members were described with non-immune functions: myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), which is found on the membranes sheathing neurons, and butyrophilin (now called Btn1A1),...
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In late November 2014 higher than normal death losses in a meat turkey and chicken broiler breeder farm in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia initiated a diagnostic investigation that led to the discovery of a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 virus. This virus, composed of 5 gene segments (PB2, PA, HA,Mand NS) related to Eurasian HPAI H5N8 and the remaining gene segments (PB1, NP and NA) related to North American lineage...
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Introduction Significant economic losses in the poultry industries due to moderate to high mortality and decreased egg production have resulted from H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infections across North Africa, the Middle East and Asia (Fusaro and others 2011, Lee and Song 2013). The currently circulating Eurasian H9N2 LPAIV has rapidly spread to become the most prevalent LPAIV in domestic poultry...
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Will New Version of GMP Boost the Veterinary Drugs Industry?
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Introduction Cytosines within the genome not only constitute part of the genetic code but are also amenable to chemical modification making them a central conveyer of epigenetic information. Methylation of the fifth position of cytosine (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) is an evolutionarily conserved epigenetic modification [1] which helps to maintain genome stability and acts as a suppressive mark for gene expression [2]. It is...
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1. Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22-nucleotide small RNA molecules that profoundly affect gene expression by directing repressive protein complexes to the untranslated region (UTR) of target messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. Since its first discovery in C. elegans [1], identification of miRNAs, some of which are evolutionarily conserved [2–4], has continued at a fast...
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A team of Canadian scientists has identified a gene that confers resistance to the broad-spectrum antibiotic fosfomycin, according to a study yesterday in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy .
The gene, dubbed fosA7, was found in 15 Salmonella enterica isolates from broiler chickens in British Columbia. The isolates were of the Salmonella Heidelberg serotype, which is commonly identified in poultry and has become one of the leading...
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Background Disease caused by foodborne pathogens contributes to serious public health concerns [1]. The Food Safety and Inspection Services (FSIS) have stated that Salmonella is the most common cause of foodborne illness among enteric pathogens [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that salmonellosis is reemerging as an important infectious disease worldwide [3]. According to the USDA-FSIS reports, presence of Salmonella due to fecal contamination of carcasses is...
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To date, the vast majority of known virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) are derived from polymerase II transcripts encoded by DNA viruses. A recent demonstration that the bovine leukemia virus, a retrovirus, uses RNA polymerase III to directly transcribe the pre-miRNA hairpins to generate viral miRNAs further supports the common notion that the canonical pathway of miRNA biogenesis does not exist commonly among RNA viruses. Here, we show that an exogenous virus...
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INTRODUCTION Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses decreasing productive and reproductive performance of birds. A growing body of evidence indicates that most of stresses in poultry production at the cellular level are associated with oxidative stress due to excess of free radical production or inadequate antioxidant protection. Recently, a concept of the cellular antioxidant defence has been...
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Abbreviations ALC: Acetyl-L-Carnitine; AREs: Antioxidant Response Elements; BSA: Bovine Serum Albumin; b.w.: Body Weight; CoQ: Coenzyme Q; eNOS: Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase; FFA: Free Fatty Acids; γGCS: γ-Glutamate Cysteine Ligase; GRα: Glucocorticoid Receptor-α; GR: Glutathione Reductase; GSH: Glutathione; GSHPx: Glutathione Peroxidase; GST: Glutathione Transferase; HO: Heme Oxygenase; HSP:...
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