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Poultry genetics and reproduction
Poultry breeding has been one of the most impactful advances in the last 100 years. The role that improved global production of eggs and poultry meat have in reducing global hunger and food insecurity is difficult to overstate. The vast majority of these improvements have come from genetic selection for improved feed efficiency, along with streamlining of the overall production system, and better understanding of poultry nutrition. While the industrial approach to poultry production has created a highly consistent and dependable food source the world over, several problems threaten the long term sustainability of this model - including musculoskeletal and metabolic disorders, welfare concerns, and the need to adapt to a changing climate. Researchers in poultry breeding and genetics utilize quantitative, population, and molecular genetic techniques to help understand the effects of selection for economically important traits and enhance genetic performance through changes in environment and management strategies.
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A team of Canadian scientists has identified a gene that confers resistance to the broad-spectrum antibiotic fosfomycin, according to a study yesterday in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy .
The gene, dubbed fosA7, was found in 15 Salmonella enterica isolates from broiler chickens in British Columbia. The isolates were of the Salmonella Heidelberg serotype, which is commonly identified in poultry and has become one of the leading...
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Jonathan Cade comments on his new role as Chairman of the U.S. Poultry & Egg Association
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Background Disease caused by foodborne pathogens contributes to serious public health concerns [1]. The Food Safety and Inspection Services (FSIS) have stated that Salmonella is the most common cause of foodborne illness among enteric pathogens [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that salmonellosis is reemerging as an important infectious disease worldwide [3]. According to the USDA-FSIS reports, presence of Salmonella due to fecal contamination of carcasses is...
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To date, the vast majority of known virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) are derived from polymerase II transcripts encoded by DNA viruses. A recent demonstration that the bovine leukemia virus, a retrovirus, uses RNA polymerase III to directly transcribe the pre-miRNA hairpins to generate viral miRNAs further supports the common notion that the canonical pathway of miRNA biogenesis does not exist commonly among RNA viruses. Here, we show that an exogenous virus...
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INTRODUCTION Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses decreasing productive and reproductive performance of birds. A growing body of evidence indicates that most of stresses in poultry production at the cellular level are associated with oxidative stress due to excess of free radical production or inadequate antioxidant protection. Recently, a concept of the cellular antioxidant defence has been...
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Abbreviations ALC: Acetyl-L-Carnitine; AREs: Antioxidant Response Elements; BSA: Bovine Serum Albumin; b.w.: Body Weight; CoQ: Coenzyme Q; eNOS: Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase; FFA: Free Fatty Acids; γGCS: γ-Glutamate Cysteine Ligase; GRα: Glucocorticoid Receptor-α; GR: Glutathione Reductase; GSH: Glutathione; GSHPx: Glutathione Peroxidase; GST: Glutathione Transferase; HO: Heme Oxygenase; HSP:...
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T-lymphocytes are central targets of Marek’s disease, a major chicken disease induced by the oncogenic alphaherpesvirus Marek’s disease virus (MDV). T-lymphocyte infection is also associated with immunosuppression and virus latency. To decipher viral morphogenesis in T-lymphocytes, we used the recombinant vRB-1B 47EGFP marker virus to generate a new lymphoblastoid cell line, 3867K, that exhibited typical properties of other MDV-transformed chicken...
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Introduction Host genetics plays an indispensable role in response to Salmonella colonization of chickens. For the past several years, we have been profiling the phenotype of two parental broiler lines (A and B) with regard to their resistance or susceptibility against bacterial (Salmonella enteritidis, Ferro et al., 2004; Swaggerty et al., 2005a;Enterococcus...
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1. Introduction TLRs and their downstream signaling components are mostly conserved in chickens (Lillehoj and Li, 2004; Lynnet al., 2003; Philbin et al., 2005), except for TLR4 (Keestraand van Putten, 2008). In mammals, TLR4 is expressed in a variety of immune and non-immune cells (Arpaia et al.,2011; Tang et al., 2008). One of the well-characterized ligands that binds with TLR4...
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The North American Meat Institute (NAMI) announced details for four additional free education programs at the 2017 International Production & Processing Expo (IPPE), scheduled to take place Jan. 31 – Feb. 2, at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, Ga.
The Get the Facts With Meat Mythcrushers session will introduce attendees to NAMI’s Meat Mythcrushers video series, which uses referenced facts and industry experts in the areas of affordability, animal welfare,...
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Introduction Environmental conditions influence metabolic and developmental processes during the perinatal period of mammals and avian species [1,2,3]. Changes in metabolism and development in this period can have long-term effects in later life [2,4]. Particularly glucose metabolism seems to play a crucial role in survival and early development of animals [1,5,6]. In...
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Introduction Poultry are naturally adapted to hosting a complex gastrointestinal (GI) microbial community with hundreds of bacterial species and up to 1011 CFU per gram of gut contents (1). Benefits conferred by this microbial community (the GI microbiome) include promoting beneficial development of the intestinal mucus layer, epithelial monolayer, and lamina propria (2, 3),...
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Background The chicken is an important animal for several reasons. In addition to being a major source of protein in the world, it is valuable to the understanding of genome evolution because of its relationship to mammals. The chicken genome sequence assembly was completed in 2004 with a six-fold whole genome shotgun (Sanger) coverage. It was the first avian genome to be sequenced [1] and, therefore, holds a place in...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds under favorable conditions, and they cause losses for farmers, reduce the value of contaminated feed and affect both animal health and productivity. The major problem associated with animal feed contaminated with mycotoxins is not acute disease episodes, but rather the ingestion of a low level of toxins which may cause an array of metabolic, physiologic, and immunologic disturbances [1]. Among...
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Effects of DON and antidote on pro-inflammatory mRNA expression of broiler
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I am rasing pigeon breeder, housing 800 highly pedigreed birds for rasing and breeding stock. I would like to know if it is at all possible to feature science relating to our industry . Mark ...
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Evaluating fertility in commercial broiler breeder flocks has traditional been targeted at the male. This is supported by the fact that the majority of breeder fertility problems are the results of infrequent mating. There are incidences of fertility problems being the result of physiological problems during rearing and development, however most are a results of infrequent mating. Studies were conducted to evaluate behavioral characteristics associated with...
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Disease control in poultry production is based on several factors of which some are in the hands of the poultry producers, farmer and responsible veterinarian, like disease monitoring, diagnosis as well as disease prevention by implementing bio-security and optimal protection by vaccination. Eradication of certain pathogens, especially those being vertically transmitted, is essential for breeding companies to ensure delivery of healthy day-old chicks to...
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Jonathan Cade comments on his new role as Chairman of the U.S. Poultry & Egg Association
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Disease control in poultry production is based on several factors of which some are in the hands of the poultry producers, farmer and responsible veterinarian, like disease monitoring, diagnosis as well as disease prevention by implementing bio-security and optimal protection by vaccination.
Eradication of certain pathogens, especially those being vertically transmitted, is...
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Introduction Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is an enveloped virus with a double stranded DNA genome and belongs to the family Herpesviridae and subfamily alphaherpersvirinae [1,2]. The ILTV causes infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in chickens, pheasants and peafowls worldwide [3,4], transmitted through nasal and ocular routes and results in mild to severe respiratory manifestations. The severe form of ILTV...
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