Gut Health of Broilers in Response to Different Sources and Levels of Copper

Have you done studies on CH, when challenged with a cocci/NE model? What were the results compare to CuSO4?

The responses to copper, including gizzard erosion, will depend on the amount of methionine present. The strong Cu versus Methionine antagonism has been known for a long time. Our old studies showed that if a kg of CuSO4 was added as a growth promoter, to get a really good response the same amount of extra supplemental methionine was needed. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579119563398?via%3Dihub

Very useful comment, Dr Pesti. Thanks for it.

I have no experience with liquid minerals and copper. I am always cautions about providing things I the water. Water intake is linear functions of days of age and salt level in the feed. On the other hand, feed consumption increases as a curve with age. And then the first obvious sign of a disease in a flock is that water consumption decreases. So it is difficult to provide the right intake and balance without knowing some details for a specific flock.

I recall the 'good old days' when we were permitted to use CuSO4 as a 'growth promoter' in pigs. That was before EU legislation prohibited its use because of the potential for adverse environmental effects from the resultant effluent. In my lab, we showed that Cu modulates the antimicrobial effects of organic acids.

Beal, J. D., Niven, S. J., Campbell, A. and Brooks, P. H. 2003. The effect of copper on the death rate of Salmonella typhimurium DT 104:30 in food substrates acidified with organic acids. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 38, 8-12.

We were interested in the interaction between organic acids produced in fermented liquid feed FLF and gut health. FLF also increases the length of the villi. We hypothesised that the interaction between Cu and organic acids could have been a major factor in the growth-promoting effects of Cu. However, by the time that we did that work, we were not permitted to use Cu at growth-promoting levels in pig diets in the EU. Consequently, we did not explore that hypothesis any further.

You might find it interesting to explore the relationship further and determine whether there is an interaction in poultry. If so it might be possible to find a combination of dietary acid and Cu that achieves the desired effects without creating an environmental issue (from high copper levels in faeces).

Cupric citrate works well in broilers: DOI: 10.1093/ps/77.3.445. About 60 mg CU as citrate replaced over twice as much as sulfate. I don't know about other organic acids. We used citrate because it was the least expensive at the time. The real environmental question should be how much have soil Cu levels been depleted by intensive cropping? Perhaps the extra Cu in the manure would be helpful at times. A quick answer could be found by checking local ruminant feeds for CU supplements. Appropriate answers will also depend on soil types and water tables.

I agree with you. Sadly EU legislators did not. Certainly there are some soils that can benefit from the addition of high Cu effluent, but many do not and don't sequester enough copper. However, the big concern is/was that run off could be extremely damaging to watercourses. Clearly this is more of an issue in areas with high rainfall and/or a high water table. Unfortunately, legislators are unwilling to nuance legislation and even less willing to rely on farmers to 'do the right thing' . The 'precautionary principle' is king.

In 1991, EPA published a regulation to control lead and copper in drinking water. This regulation is known as the Lead and Copper Rule (also referred to as the LCR). Since 1991 the LCR has undergone various revisions

Back in the 80´s we used cooper sulfate in broiler and finishing pigs as a growth promoter. Its main effect came from manure that did not showed fungus growth and had a low bacteria count. That effect helped the health of the animals, more that its nutritive an intestinal microbiota populations. From coprophagia
(eat feces) had no negative harmul effect.

Many products are fighting to enter the animal nutrition market. Many interests are affected by such a simple, elemental and cheap substance. I have personally used it on pigs and poultry. I controlled "Vibrion coli" diarrhea along with bismuth cream or simply finely ground charcoal. The care that must be taken when using it is not to exceed its quantity, particle size and the presence of heavy metals.

Is it possible to have copper in chelated form?
If is it so then we can minimize antagonism with methionine.

How about improving gut health and healthy microbiota by using additiona additives (Pro-Pre-BIOTRICS) organic acids, etc. Can the abataginism be reverted?

Thank you so much for such a lovely article with informative content. Hope to see more of a similar article.

fully agree with the line of arguments of Tahir Naseem, however, the words he uses to define the "form" of an element limit the possibility of further development of research in this direction.
1. 1. The terms "organic or inorganic": the term organic is applicable only to compounds of elements and is not applicable to individual elements. Thus, Cu, Zn, Na, Ca, P, N, O are elements and they cannot be organic or inorganic. They can be part of organic or mineral compounds.
2. When determining the suitability or prospects of organic compounds for use in feeding, it is necessary to pay attention to the dissociation constants of organic compounds including metal ions. If an organic compound undergoes dissociation when it enters the stomach, then, for example, copper will be present in ionic form (not "form" - this concept is not applicable) Cu++ and as a result, this ion has the same properties as the ion that occurs when copper sulfate is consumed. Absorption of non-dissociated compounds (including those containing copper) has not been proven
In connection with the above, Tahir Naseem's conclusion is absolutely correct: "Once the mineral reaches the surface of the enterocyte for absorption, the metabolic effects from that moment on remain the same. Is the mineral organic or inorganic."
3. Selene-methionine is also correctly excluded from the topic under discussion.
This compound is not a chelate, since selenium is included in the structure of the molecule instead of sulfur, and in the stomach and intestines, selene-methionine dissociates like organic acids, i.e. without releasing selenium.

Incorrect use of terminology often leads to incorrect conclusions