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Swine nutrition
Pigs require a number of essential nutrients to meet their needs for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and other functions. However, factors such as genetic variation, environment, availability of nutrients in feedstuffs, disease levels, and other stressors may increase the needed level of some nutrients for optimal performance and reproduction.
Swine require six general classes of nutrients: water, carbohydrates, fats, protein (amino acids), minerals, and vitamins. Energy, although not a specific nutrient, is an important nutritional component and is primarily derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats. In addition, amino acids (from protein) that exceed the animal’s requirements for maintenance and tissue protein synthesis provide energy when their carbon skeletons are oxidized. Antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, microbial supplements (prebiotics and probiotics), enzymes, and other feed additives are often added to swine diets to increase the rate and efficiency of gain, to improve digestibility, and for other purposes, but they are not considered nutrients.
Pigs require a more concentrated diet and should be fed a less-fibrous feed than cattle, sheep, or horses. As they grow, their nutritional requirements change and the diet should meet their needs in various phases of growth and stages of production.
1 INTRODUCTION North America currently imports plant-based feed ingredients, such as soybean meal, from countries that are endemically infected with viruses of economic and pathologic significance to swine including porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), Seneca virus A (SVA), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus, pseudorabies virus, foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV; Blomme et al., 2022;...
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Vinicius Chiappetta, Global Commercial Director for Livestock Nutrition and Farm Management at Cargill, talks about the concept of Precision Farming, its benefits, possible obstacles, and how can it be monitored efficiently. He will speak on this subject at the Animal AgTech Innovation Summit in Amsterdam on October 12th....
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INTRODUCTION “Ideal protein” means that no amino acid (AA) is to be supplied in excess of requirements as compared to any other AA in pig diet: i.e., an exact balance of AA, without deficiency or excess. As a consequence, protein retention (protein gain in relation to protein intake) is maximized and nitrogen excretion is minimized. This is possible through an adequate combination of protein concentrates and synthetic AA supplements (Leclercq, 1998). The use of the ideal...
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1. Introduction Food ingredients included in pig diets, especially plant-based cereals, contain large amounts of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) (Adeola & Cowieson, 2011; Recharla et al., 2019). These NSPs are an important part of the plant ingredients (10–75%), and most of them are composed by arabinoxylans, cellulose and β-glucans (Choct, 2015). However, NSPs are poorly metabolized by pigs as they lack specific endogenous enzymes for their degradation (Jha...
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Introduction: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are currently applied as probiotics due to their ability to survive in gut environment and antagonistic effects toward enteric pathogens. Difference of species and strains of LAB directly relate to host type in each geographical area. However, there has still been inconsistency between genetic and phenotypic identifications. This study aimed to determine and validate identification methods for probiotic candidate selection between...
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Introduction: The widespread use of antimicrobial agents in human and veterinary medicine has favoured the spread of resistance. In view of the transmission risk of highly antibiotic-resistant strains between animals and humans, controlling resistance is essential to safeguard the future efficacy of antimicrobial agents in veterinary as well as in human medicine. The ban on antibiotic growth promotors in the EU was a first step in the strategy to deal with antibiotic resistance....
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1. Introduction Artificial insemination (AI) in modern pig reproduction requires liquid-stored extended semen. Extenders provide sperm with nutrients to maintain metabolic processes, prevent cold shock, control osmotic pressure an pH, and antibiotics present in extender inhibit bacterial growth. Despiste the substantial improvements made on extender formulations in recent years. the quality of stored sperm decreases over time primarily due to the increased damage the plasma...
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Introduction The continuous increase in the area cultivated with genetically modified (GM) crops [1] and consequently their ubiquitous presence makes it increasingly difficult for consumers to avoid GM products. However, the dispute regarding the safety of GM crops is far from resolved [2] and consumer opinions vary over time and from country to country [3,4]. Bt MON810 maize is resistant to attack by Lepidopterae pests, as it expresses the Cry1Ab protein [5]. This protein is...
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Introduction On August 28, 2021, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) confirmed that African swine fever virus (ASFV) had been diagnosed in the Dominican Republic (https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/news/sa_by_date/sa-2021/asf-confirm). This poses a tremendous threat to the swine industry of the United States (U.S.) given the proximity to the mainland. When ASFV emerged in China, the virus was able to move rapidly and easily throughout the country due to movement...
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Introduction Monogastric feeds are reliant on plant-based protein sources, like corn and soybean. However, increasing demands on these plant-based materials for non-food industries, such as biofuels, is also associated with an increase in the price of these feed ingredients, placing an impetus on the demand for these alternative protein sources (Leiber et al., 2017). Emerging areas of monogastric animal nutrition research include the use of insect meal, microalgae, single cell...
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In times of high feed costs the improvement of the creatine status of fattening pigs permits a reduction in dietary energy. Guanidino-acetic acid supplemented to pig feed optimises the creatine status of the cells and enhances cellular energy efficiency. Creatine plays a central role in the cellular...
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Introduction In Canada, barley is rarely fed to young pigs due to its relatively high fibre content that is associated with lower energy and nutrient digestibility (Che et al., 2012). Carbohydrates that are not digested in the small intestine may be fermented in the large intestine, and so provide energy and stimulate gut health (Fouhse et al., 2017). Barley cultivars with increased fermentable carbohydrates may enhance gut health in weaned pigs (Jha et al., 2019). Intestinal...
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Introduction: The castration of male piglets without anesthesia is under public pressure and is already forbidden in some countries. The fattening of boars is an alternative but due to the accumulation of androstenone (A) and skatole (S) in the fatty tissue, resulting in the so called boar taint, some carcasses may be condemned and therefore excluded from human consumption. Skatole is a product of the microbial tryptophan degradation in the hindgut, which can be lowered by feeding raw...
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Introduction: The use of industry by-products and few other feed ingredients as feedstuff for swine is a regular practice and usually increases animal performances, hence making it more economical. The occurrence of aflatoxin contamination is global, causing severe problems especially in developing countries. Due to the insidious nature of aflatoxin production and the resulting disease states which made diagnosis of aflatoxin difficult; many cases of animal aflatoxicosis...
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Introduction: Saving the limited resources of phosphate rock and improving intestinal health of pigs represent major challenges of modern pig industry. Consequently, the present study addressed the impact of supplementing variable levels of calcium-phosphate (CaP) on the numbers of selected members of the intestinal microbiome in growing pigs. To investigate the impact of fermentable substrates on the microbiota, two protein sources potentially providing variable...
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Introduction: Smallholder pig farmers in east Africa report that lack of feed, seasonal feed shortages, quality and cost of feed are key constraints to pig rearing. Commercially prepared pig diets are too expensive and there is competition for food between pigs and people. Smallholder farmers typically feed nutritionally unbalanced diets. This results in low average daily gain (ADG) and poor farmer profits. The objective was to compare the ADG of Ugandan pigs fed forage-...
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Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of removing antibiotics (AB) from the diet of 1st and 2nd stage weaners on welfare indicators. Materials and Methods: The study involved a total of 12 pens of 35 pigs each where in-feed antibiotics were either removed (NO) or maintained in the diet (AB) during the 1st and 2nd weaner stages (9 weeks in total). Ten focal pigs were randomly selected from each group (AB, n = 60 and NO, n...
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Introduction: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) on body weight gain, carcass composition and quality of 72 finishing pigs [(Large White x Landrace) x Pi train)]. Materials and Methods: Animals were distributed into 3 treatment groups considering litter, live weight and sex. The 3 treatment groups were control group (CON), phytogenic group 1 (PFA+normal) and phytogenic group 2 (PFA+low). The diet was based...
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Introduction Nursery pig diets typically contain highly digestible and expensive ingredients (e.g., animal protein sources) to combat the post-weaning growth lag (Campbell and Dunkin, 1983; Lallès et al., 2004). However, after an initial reduction in growth performance, nursery pigs fed simple, corn-and soybean meal ( SBM )-based diets can achieve body weights not different from pigs fed nursery diets that contain highly digestible ingredients via compensatory growth...
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