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Swine nutrition
Pigs require a number of essential nutrients to meet their needs for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and other functions. However, factors such as genetic variation, environment, availability of nutrients in feedstuffs, disease levels, and other stressors may increase the needed level of some nutrients for optimal performance and reproduction.
Swine require six general classes of nutrients: water, carbohydrates, fats, protein (amino acids), minerals, and vitamins. Energy, although not a specific nutrient, is an important nutritional component and is primarily derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats. In addition, amino acids (from protein) that exceed the animal’s requirements for maintenance and tissue protein synthesis provide energy when their carbon skeletons are oxidized. Antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, microbial supplements (prebiotics and probiotics), enzymes, and other feed additives are often added to swine diets to increase the rate and efficiency of gain, to improve digestibility, and for other purposes, but they are not considered nutrients.
Pigs require a more concentrated diet and should be fed a less-fibrous feed than cattle, sheep, or horses. As they grow, their nutritional requirements change and the diet should meet their needs in various phases of growth and stages of production.
Introduction: Modern pig farming is still associated with a high pre-weaning mortality, which is partly caused by a slow progress of piglet expulsion. Most of the deaths occur around the time of farrowing and therefore farrowing is the most critical phase in pig production. The impact of farrowing includes not only the litter survival and subsequent health of the piglets, but also the feed intake and fertility of the sows. So farrowing rate is a main factor for consistent pig...
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Introduction Globally, industrial coproducts from the dry and wet milling of cereal grains are often included in swine diets to reduce feed cost; however, they contain greater levels of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) than their parent grain (Jaworski et al., 2015). It has been well established that pigs lack the enzymes required to digest NSP, and that increased dietary NSP can reduce nutrient and energy digestibility, impair hindgut fermentation, and increase digesta...
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Introduction: The cross-contamination of non-medicated feed with residues of antimicrobials causes a public and animal health concern associated with the potential for selection and dissemination of resistance in commensal and potentially zoonotic bacteria. To identify the extent of the situation, we built a model that provides a way to estimate the percentage of cross-contaminated pig feed in total and per different levels at which cross-contamination may occur (i.e....
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Dr. Klaus Hoffmann (Chemoforma Ltd) talked to Engormix.com about his presentation about the use of Nucleotides in pig nutrition at Focus Asia 2010....
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Tom Weber (AB Vista) mentions the relevance of balance in fiber, in this Swine It interview with host Laura Greiner....
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Introduction Increasing use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) such as n-6 UFA, alters the fatty acid (FA) profile of tissues in pigs to contain more UFA with a higher iodine value (IV) that results in soft fat pork (Cromwell et al., 2011; McClelland et al., 2012). Also, increased deposition of n-6 UFA in tissues may result in increased oxidative problems for both the health of pigs...
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INTRODUCTION Threonine is an indispensable amino acid for pigs and is required for both maintenance and growth. It is the primary amino acid constituent of immunoglobulins and represents a significant portion of the proteins secreted by the small intestine (1). Threonine does not undergo transamination and there is no synthesis of threonine by the pigs. Consequently, all the threonine required by pig must be provide in the diet. Many experiments were performed in order to...
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1 INTRODUCTION North America currently imports plant-based feed ingredients, such as soybean meal, from countries that are endemically infected with viruses of economic and pathologic significance to swine including porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), Seneca virus A (SVA), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus, pseudorabies virus, foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV; Blomme et al., 2022;...
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Vinicius Chiappetta, Global Commercial Director for Livestock Nutrition and Farm Management at Cargill, talks about the concept of Precision Farming, its benefits, possible obstacles, and how can it be monitored efficiently. He will speak on this subject at the Animal AgTech Innovation Summit in Amsterdam on October 12th....
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INTRODUCTION “Ideal protein” means that no amino acid (AA) is to be supplied in excess of requirements as compared to any other AA in pig diet: i.e., an exact balance of AA, without deficiency or excess. As a consequence, protein retention (protein gain in relation to protein intake) is maximized and nitrogen excretion is minimized. This is possible through an adequate combination of protein concentrates and synthetic AA supplements (Leclercq, 1998). The use of the ideal...
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1. Introduction Food ingredients included in pig diets, especially plant-based cereals, contain large amounts of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) (Adeola & Cowieson, 2011; Recharla et al., 2019). These NSPs are an important part of the plant ingredients (10–75%), and most of them are composed by arabinoxylans, cellulose and β-glucans (Choct, 2015). However, NSPs are poorly metabolized by pigs as they lack specific endogenous enzymes for their degradation (Jha...
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Introduction: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are currently applied as probiotics due to their ability to survive in gut environment and antagonistic effects toward enteric pathogens. Difference of species and strains of LAB directly relate to host type in each geographical area. However, there has still been inconsistency between genetic and phenotypic identifications. This study aimed to determine and validate identification methods for probiotic candidate selection between...
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Introduction: The widespread use of antimicrobial agents in human and veterinary medicine has favoured the spread of resistance. In view of the transmission risk of highly antibiotic-resistant strains between animals and humans, controlling resistance is essential to safeguard the future efficacy of antimicrobial agents in veterinary as well as in human medicine. The ban on antibiotic growth promotors in the EU was a first step in the strategy to deal with antibiotic resistance....
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1. Introduction Artificial insemination (AI) in modern pig reproduction requires liquid-stored extended semen. Extenders provide sperm with nutrients to maintain metabolic processes, prevent cold shock, control osmotic pressure an pH, and antibiotics present in extender inhibit bacterial growth. Despiste the substantial improvements made on extender formulations in recent years. the quality of stored sperm decreases over time primarily due to the increased damage the plasma...
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Introduction The continuous increase in the area cultivated with genetically modified (GM) crops [1] and consequently their ubiquitous presence makes it increasingly difficult for consumers to avoid GM products. However, the dispute regarding the safety of GM crops is far from resolved [2] and consumer opinions vary over time and from country to country [3,4]. Bt MON810 maize is resistant to attack by Lepidopterae pests, as it expresses the Cry1Ab protein [5]. This protein is...
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Introduction On August 28, 2021, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) confirmed that African swine fever virus (ASFV) had been diagnosed in the Dominican Republic (https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/news/sa_by_date/sa-2021/asf-confirm). This poses a tremendous threat to the swine industry of the United States (U.S.) given the proximity to the mainland. When ASFV emerged in China, the virus was able to move rapidly and easily throughout the country due to movement...
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Introduction Monogastric feeds are reliant on plant-based protein sources, like corn and soybean. However, increasing demands on these plant-based materials for non-food industries, such as biofuels, is also associated with an increase in the price of these feed ingredients, placing an impetus on the demand for these alternative protein sources (Leiber et al., 2017). Emerging areas of monogastric animal nutrition research include the use of insect meal, microalgae, single cell...
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In times of high feed costs the improvement of the creatine status of fattening pigs permits a reduction in dietary energy. Guanidino-acetic acid supplemented to pig feed optimises the creatine status of the cells and enhances cellular energy efficiency. Creatine plays a central role in the cellular...
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Introduction In Canada, barley is rarely fed to young pigs due to its relatively high fibre content that is associated with lower energy and nutrient digestibility (Che et al., 2012). Carbohydrates that are not digested in the small intestine may be fermented in the large intestine, and so provide energy and stimulate gut health (Fouhse et al., 2017). Barley cultivars with increased fermentable carbohydrates may enhance gut health in weaned pigs (Jha et al., 2019). Intestinal...
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