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Swine nutrition
Pigs require a number of essential nutrients to meet their needs for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and other functions. However, factors such as genetic variation, environment, availability of nutrients in feedstuffs, disease levels, and other stressors may increase the needed level of some nutrients for optimal performance and reproduction.
Swine require six general classes of nutrients: water, carbohydrates, fats, protein (amino acids), minerals, and vitamins. Energy, although not a specific nutrient, is an important nutritional component and is primarily derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats. In addition, amino acids (from protein) that exceed the animal’s requirements for maintenance and tissue protein synthesis provide energy when their carbon skeletons are oxidized. Antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, microbial supplements (prebiotics and probiotics), enzymes, and other feed additives are often added to swine diets to increase the rate and efficiency of gain, to improve digestibility, and for other purposes, but they are not considered nutrients.
Pigs require a more concentrated diet and should be fed a less-fibrous feed than cattle, sheep, or horses. As they grow, their nutritional requirements change and the diet should meet their needs in various phases of growth and stages of production.
INTRODUCTION Serious public health and economic issues are related to foodborne pathogens. Many discussions have been raised on the impact of these micro-organisms of food safety in the last decade, among them the role of Salmonella in pork is of major interest (Henao et al ., 2010). Despite technological advances, Salmonella is still an important issue to the pork industry worldwide. Out of the estimated 80.3 million cases of foodborne...
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1. Introduction Animal products and by-products are the only natural source of vitamin B 12 (B 12 ) in human diets. Considering that B 12 is synthesized exclusively by bacteria and archaebacteria (when cobalt is not limiting), ruminant animals (e.g., cows) obtain the vitamin from synthesis by their ruminal microflora. The vitamin is further absorbed and stored in their body, which explain why the tissues and milk of these animals are especially...
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To evaluate the available phosphorus in inorganic P supplements, relative bioavailability of P has been measured, and the values were compared with the values from pigs fed monosodium phosphate or monocalcium phosphate. Although only limited data for the bioavailability of calcium in inorganic supplements had been measured, it was assumed the availability of Ca in most Ca supplements was close to 100%. However, it was demonstrated that values for relative bioavailability of P are...
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Introduction Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in corn-soybean meal-based diets for pigs during the postweaning period (ROSTAGNO et al., 2011; NRC, 2012), and is commonly used as a reference when estimating the nutritional requirement for other essential amino acids (NEMECHEK et al., 2012). The standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) requirement of pigs is affected by several factors, such as genotype (TAYLOR et al., 2012), the environmental and sanitary conditions...
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Background In the EU, salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the most frequently occurring zoonotic infection in humans. Up to approximately 200 000 human cases are annually reported for each of these infections in the EFSA zoonoses reports since 2004 [1]. Other remaining zoonoses are reported to occur in much lower numbers, approximately: Yersiniosis (9000 cases), VTEC (2900), Listeriosis (1500), Echinococcosis (800), Tricinillosis (800), Brucellosis (500), Tuberculosis...
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Introduction Retention of dietary protein to body protein is an inefficient process in pigs. Nitrogen balance studies have shown that nitrogen retention rate (proportion of intake) ranges from 41 - 68% in weaner pigs (Cera et al., 1988), 42 - 56% in grower pigs (Fabian et al., 2004, Otto et al., 2003, Zervas and Zijlstra, 2002), 30 - 46% in finisher pigs (Fabian et al., 2004), and 42 - 52% in sows (Renteria-Flores et al., 2008). These findings, based on the mean values from...
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Conclusions The results of this study support the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota compete with the host for metabolism of readily available nutrients such as supplemented amino acids. Apparent residual (unabsorbed) MHA-FA in the small intestine was significantly greater than that of DL-Met in conventional pigs. Furthermore, a higher radioactivity of methionine in the upper small intestine tissue of pigs fed diets supplemented with DL-Met compared with the...
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Conclusions Supplementation of two graded levels of DL-Met or liquid MHA-FA to a Met-deficient diet significantly improved pig performance during phase 1 and 2 of the study. Compared with MHA-FA, the inclusions of DL-Met seemed to produce a more homogeneous weight gain. The overall growth performance during the 37-day study was not different among the two corresponding Met-supplemented groups, indicating that 100 parts of liquid MHA-FA can be replaced with...
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Enhancing Swine Reproduction by Improving Health and Reducing Oxidative Stress
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Introduction
Antibiotics, since their discovery in the 1920s, have played a critical role in contributing to the economic effectiveness of animal production as feed supplements at sub-therapeutic doses, to improve growth and feed conversion efficiency, and to prevent infections [1]. In-feed antibiotics (IFAs) are a common and well-established practice in the animal industry that has contributed to the intensification of modern day livestock production. However, with...
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On 9-10 September, Animine and the European Federation of Animal Science (EAAP) organized the third Animine Academy in the Chantilly area (France). This two-day international scientific conference gathered more than 100 animal nutritionists from the industry and academy. High quality presentations focused on current challenges in animal production...
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Continued performance without AGPs In 1988 Norel opened their Biotechnology plant in Leon (Spain) to start research and production of probiotics for animal nutrition and their effect on the intestinal health and performance parameters. This Biotechnology plant is the only one in Spain specialised in the production of probiotics for animal nutrition. Norel’s Biotechnology development been carried out with the important collaboration of national and international Universities and...
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Background and objectives Wheat bran (WB) has been demonstrated to promote intestinal health and improve piglet performance (Molist et al. 2011 & 2012). One proposed mechanism for this effect is that WB inhibits the attachment of bacteria, specifically enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88, to the intestine (Gonzaláz-Ortiz et al. 2014) thereby reducing the risk of ETEC-K88 induced diarrhoea. The objective of this trial was to determine whether WB inclusion...
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INTRODUCTION Yeast derivatives (YD) are widely used in animal nutrition as natural additives. YD contain glucomannoproteins, betaglucans and nucleotides complex derived by acid hydrolysis of the cell wall of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae. YD can bind and inhibit pathogen bacteria like Salmonella Spp, Clostridium Spp and E. Coli, therefore promoting growth of beneficial gut bacteria. YD have been also associated with positive immunostimulation at gut level in different species....
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Introduction Energy is the most expensive component in swine diets, and record high feed costs in recent years have caused nutritionists to focus on optimizing caloric efficiency of feed ingredients used in commercial feeds. As a result, nutritionists need comprehensive, accurate, meaningful, and standardized analytical methods to quantify lipid peroxidation in feed ingredients before they will be able to effectively evaluate the impact of dietary lipid peroxidation on growth...
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Introduction L-carnitine (LC), a naturally occurring and widely distributed in nature compound was discovered in 1905 by Gulewitsch and Krimberg [1]. For the last 50 years this nutrient has received a substantial attention from medical sciences and poultry and pig nutritionists. Main dietary sources of carnitine in poultry/animal nutrition are animal-derived feed ingredients while grains and their by-products are quite...
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Introduction Postnatal muscle growth and repair rely on the ability of satellite cells, muscle-resident stem cells, to activate, proliferate, and fuse into growing myofibers (Seale et al. 2000; Dumont et al. 2015). During the neonatal stage of life, the fractional rate of protein synthesis contributing to muscle growth is highest (Davis and Fiorotto 2009), marked by increased satellite cell activation, proliferation (Allbrook et al. 1971; Campion et al. 1981), and myonuclear...
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Enhancing Swine Reproduction by Improving Health and Reducing Oxidative Stress
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1. Introduction Efforts to improve nutrient digestibility by the pigs can have effects on profitability of the pork industry (National Pork Board, 2012). Studies indicate that non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in corn and soybean meal negatively affect nutrient digestibility (Moeser et al., 2002; van Kempen et al., 2006). Whole corn grain contains 27e32 g of xylose/kg (Knudsen, 1997) as arabinoxylans in pericarp and aleurone (Landis et al., 2001). Soybean meal contains 18e19 g of...
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Introduction Animal diets based on corn and soybean meal are very deficient in available phosphorus (P) to the point that supplementation is necessary using sources of high P availability. Dicalcium phosphate is commonly used as a source of supplemental P. Commercial dicalcium phosphate is a mixture of varying amounts of monocalcium and dicalcium phosphates, phosphoric acid, calcium carbonate, and impurities (Lima et al., 1995). Some animal production technicians point out that...
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Introduction Molasses, a mixture of sucrose, glucose, fructose, minerals, pantothenic acid, etc., is derived from sugar-rich crops (beet, cane, blackstrap, etc.) and could be considered an alternative for cereals (Bayley et al., 1983). Cane molasses, which was used in this study, usually contains sucrose, protein, non-protein amino acids, and fatty acids (Mee et al., 1979). It can reduce the cost of diets, because the price of molasses is much lower than that of cereals in...
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Can water hyacinth like Salvinia molesta be used as an ingredient for swine feed? If yes, how to process the same? ...
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