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Swine enteric diseases
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Introduction The genus Brachyspira includes seven officially named and several unofficially named species of anaerobic spirochaetes that colonize the large intestine of mammals and birds [1]. The three most commonly reported pathogenic species are Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the agent of swine dysentery, Brachyspira intermedia, a pathogen mainly of adult chickens, and Brachyspira ...
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The ban on growth promoters in feed of swine has led to an increase in infections with enteropathogens and as a result in increased use of antibiotics to treat these infections with increase in antibiotic resistance as a consequence. In the search for alternatives, ZnO was found to control the clinical signs of these infections, but its effect on antibiotic resistance and the environment has led to a ban on ZnO that will start in 2020. In the quest for alternatives, increasing resistance...
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ABSTRACT The effect of dietary inclusion of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on the intestinal health and growth performance of Cobb 500 male broilers subjected to a Clostridium perfringens -induced necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge was determined in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 10 replicate/treatment. In experiment 2, chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 12 replicates/treatment. The experimental...
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Cysticercosis due to Taenia solium is a parasitic disease typically associated with underdevelopment in communities with limited economic resources. In these communities, pigs are raised in primitive conditions. Moreover, people defecate outdoors, live in overcrowded households, and lack sanitary education and adequate environmental health conditions.1,2 Commonly, humans get infected with the intestinal tapeworm by ingesting it in the larval stage (cysticercus) in the meat of...
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Introduction Coronaviruses belong to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Coronavirinae [1], and are characterized by their large genome, helical nucleocapsids, and unique method of gene expression [2]. The subfamily includes four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and the more recently discovered Deltacoronavirus [3]. Coronaviruses are typically species specific and can infect a variety of birds and mammals [2]. In humans,...
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When Salmonella is present in the gastro intestinal tract (GIT) of pigs, it might contaminate carcasses during the slaughter process, and become a source of food poisoning and bacterial gastro-enteritis in humans. While some natural compounds can limit Salmonella growth in vitro, the challenge for feed additive producers is to render them effective in vivo, while maximizing their potential to improve animal health and performance. Impact of...
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Introduction Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium of great clinical significance, responsible for foodborne zoonotic infections. The human disease is characterized by self-limiting gastroenteritis that occasionally can cause fever, systemic infection, and severe inflammation of the intestinal mucosal epithelium (Haagsma et al., 2008; Pires et al., 2011). ...
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Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), caused by a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus (1–3), was first identified in England in 1971 and later in other countries, such as Belgium, China, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Thailand (4–11). In April of 2013, PED emerged in U.S. swine (12) and was detected in swine herds in 18 U.S. states by the end of October (http://www.aasv.org/pedv /PEDV_weekly_report_103013.pdf), causing considerable economic losses. An isolate of PED virus...
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Introduction Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are a diverse group of pathogens that are characterized by the ability to colonize the small intestine while producing enterotoxins, which induce severe secretory diarrhea [1,2]. ETEC strains are recognized as one of the major causes of dehydrating diarrhea in children in developing countries and as an important causative agent of traveler’s diarrhea [3,4]. ETEC can also cause diarrhea in newborn calves and in...
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Introduction Multiple immune cells are involved to sense “danger signals” and activate and control a local immune response in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Resident and infiltrating immune cells collaborate with functional epithelial cells to respond to pathogens and toxic residues formed after digestion of feed/foods. Specialized cells (e.g. M cells) and enterocyte-conditioned dendritic cells (DC’s) embedded in the epithelial layer of the...
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Introduction Swine dysentery (SD) typically manifests as a severe mucohemorrhagic colitis arising from infection of the caecum and colon of grower-finisher pigs with the anaerobic intestinal spirochete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae [1]. SD can severely depress feed conversion efficiency, may require considerable antimicrobial use for its control, and represents an animal welfare issue. Strains of B. hyodysenteriae that are resistant to antimicrobial...
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INTRODUCTION Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes an acute and highly contagious enteric disease, which is characterized by severe enteritis, vomiting, watery diarrhea and a high mortality rate in neonatal piglets. Belonging to the family Coronaviridae, genus Alphacoronavirus, PEDV has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of ∼28 kb that encodes four structural proteins, spike (S), envelope,...
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Geographical incidence Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is caused by a coronavirus somewhat similar to that which causes transmissible gastroenteritis. The PED virus was first recognized in the UK in 1971 and has spread throughout most of Europe and Asia where it is in many countries considered to be endemic (AASV, 2013). Severe outbreaks with high mortality are typically rare in Europe, but are recently reported to be...
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Introduction
Diseases caused by E. coli have been a recognised problem for as long as pigs have been raised. Early work in the 1960s and 1970s elucidated the pathogenic mechanisms of E. coli causing newborn diarrhea, and lead to the development of maternal vaccines which effectively control this form of the disease. However, maternal vaccination with these vaccines does not protect piglets...
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Background Spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) as an ingredient in diets for nursery pigs is well recognized to improve growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, and to reduce post-weaning diarrhea, mortality, and morbidity [1,2]. In addition, weaned pigs fed diets supplemented with SDPP had reduced intestinal inflammation, mucosal barrier dysfunction, and diarrhea [3]. ...
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Introduction The intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the classical causative agent of swine dysentery (SD), a disease typically associated with severe colitis and bloody mucoid diarrhoea mainly seen in grower and finisher pigs [1]. Two related species, Brachyspira suanatina and “ Brachyspira hampsonii ”, also have been shown to occur in pigs and to cause SD on...
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Dr. John Pluske (Murdoch University) discussed microbiota in the pig and the impact of fiber on nutrition and health, during CLANA 2016 in Cancun, Mexico....
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Introduction
Antimicrobial use in animal production has been monitored over the past two decades because of potential adverse effects on animal and human health related to antimicrobial resistance. Administration of antimicrobials in animal production began early after their initial discovery, primarily for treatment of diseases, but also for promoting growth and for disease prevention. The...
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In less than a year, University of Saskatchewan (U of S) scientists have developed and tested a prototype vaccine that could protect the North American swine industry from a virus that has killed more than eight million pigs and cost more than $400 million in lost income since 2013.
The Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) hit the United States in 2013 and spread to Canada in 2014. It was first discovered in Europe, and has become increasingly problematic...
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The Department of Agriculture of South Africa says it suspects that the current African swine fever outbreak could have come from neighbouring countries.
Outbreaks have been reported in the Free State and North West provinces. Over 600 pigs have been reported dead in Bloemfontein, Botshabelo and Koffiefontein in the Free State.
In the North West more than 600 pigs died and a further 400 have been culled. Four farms have been quarantined in the Free State. Samples...
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