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Swine enteric diseases
Enteric diseases, including ileitis, salmonellosis and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), are common gastrointestinal disorders that, if left untreated, can result in undernourished, dehydrated pigs and possible death.
Pigs of all ages are susceptible to intestinal diseases, and diarrhea is the clinical sign common to nearly all such disorders. Infectious agents that cause enteropathies are typically transmitted via the fecal-oral route. More than 20 etiologic agents, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, can cause primary intestinal disease in pigs. Some other viruses, including sapovirus, adenocirus, and enterovirus, also have been isolated from the intestines of pigs but are not associated with economically consequential disease.
Pig diarrhoea is one of the most frequent health problem in modern production, which can be associated with high mortality, decreased growth rates and an increase in treatment costs. The solution for an enteric disease requires a diagnosis which is based on diagnostic criteria, that must be respected to be reliable. The veterinary practitioner has the responsibility of making a final diagnosis, and based on this to make decisions concerning the management of swine health problems. The veterinary diagnostic laboratory can be an important support providing technical assistance in performing laboratory testing and consultancy activity.
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The favorable climate and low initial investment account for the popularity of raising pigs in dirt lots in the southeastern USA. The raising of swine on dirt, however, can pose several problems. One of these problems is that internal parasites (worms) are difficult to control, in particular in lots used over and over for swine. These parasites can cause swine to grow slowly and be unthrifty, and in severe cases can even kill swine. Fortunately, there are various chemical dewormers available...
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1. Introduction Increased recognition of the consequences of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans and animals has led to monitoring and surveillance programs in many countries, often specific to the species being monitored [1]. They range in complexity from highly structured and regulated systems to those that are passive or reactive. Except for a few species of public health interest such as Salmonella spp. [2], current AMR surveillance for bacterial isolates recovered from...
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Introduction Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus is a coronavirus of the alphacoronavirus genus. Identified as a viral agent distinct from transmissible gastroenteritis virus (Wood, 1977) and as a coronavirus (Pensaert and de Bouck, 1978), this virus is responsible for an enteric infection in pigs. Originally identified in England (Wood, 1977), PEDV is now a global pathogen. PEDV was first identified in the United States in 2013 (Stevenson et al., 2013) where it swept through pig...
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CreAMINO® supplementation improves growth performance and lean meat yield of pigs
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Introduction All over the world, E. coli is an important cause of a wide range of diseases in pigs, including postweaning diarrhea (PWD) (Fairbrother et al., 2019). Diarrhea due to E. coli may result in significant economic losses due to morbidity, mortality, decreased weight gain, and cost of treatment, vaccinations and feed supplements. Clinical signs fluctuate with time and regions and may range from mild diarrhea with 1.5 to 2% mortality...
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Introduction
An important work function for the practicing veterinarian is to solve various problems in swine herds. Diagnostics and making a diagnosis are an important part of solving a problem.
The diagnosis is central for describing the problem, identifying the problem and, finally, making a change that will hopefully lead to the problem being solved.
A diagnosis can either be made for individual animals or,...
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Functional amino acid supplementation during disease challenge enhances growth performance and immune status. The present study investigated the effect of duration of adaptation period to a functional amino acid (FAA)-supplemented diet on growth performance and immune status during a subsequent Salmonella challenge in pigs. Thirty-two mixed-sex weanling pigs (8 pigs/treatment; 11.6 ± 0.34 kg initial body weight) received either a basal diet without FAA supplementation...
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Introduction Feed manufacturing equipment has been shown to be a potential source of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) cross contamination. Wet decontamination has been found to be the most effective method for decontaminating the surface of feed mill equipment. However, this is not practical in most current commercial feed production settings. Methods to mitigate the risk of PEDV transmission in feed and feed ingredients have been investigated, including chemical...
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Ileitis is one of the main diseases affecting pig farms. The clinical presentation may be acute - haemorrhagic, chronic or subclinical. The acute form affects animals from 4 to 12 months of age. It presents with profuse and bloody diarrhoea and sudden mortalities of up to 60%. The...
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Piglets face multiple challenges from the early stages of their life, actually since birth, a shocking experience in terms of temperature and change of environmental conditions. Besides that, piglets are born without a functional intestinal barrier and with an immature immune system. The effects of weaning and the stress suffered by young animals during that period is severe and can have big consequences, also on the long term...
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Effect of Sc 47 probiotic yeast on the health and zootechnical performance of weaned piglets
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In 2013, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) a serious disease was an outbreak in Taiwan, resulting in a high mortality rate of born piglets. Nowadays, PED has become a common disease in the pig farm, causes sows reproductive problem and bad rearing piglet result. Although the weaning pig mortality rate caused by the repeatedly outbreak of the PED is lower than the first infection, but it still caused 20-30% of the mortality. Also, it causes serious diarrhea in gestation sows and farrowing...
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Introduction The genus Brachyspira includes seven officially named and several unofficially named species of anaerobic spirochaetes that colonize the large intestine of mammals and birds [1]. The three most commonly reported pathogenic species are Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the agent of swine dysentery, Brachyspira intermedia, a pathogen mainly of adult chickens, and Brachyspira ...
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The ban on growth promoters in feed of swine has led to an increase in infections with enteropathogens and as a result in increased use of antibiotics to treat these infections with increase in antibiotic resistance as a consequence. In the search for alternatives, ZnO was found to control the clinical signs of these infections, but its effect on antibiotic resistance and the environment has led to a ban on ZnO that will start in 2020. In the quest for alternatives, increasing resistance...
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ABSTRACT The effect of dietary inclusion of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on the intestinal health and growth performance of Cobb 500 male broilers subjected to a Clostridium perfringens -induced necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge was determined in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 10 replicate/treatment. In experiment 2, chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments of 12 replicates/treatment. The experimental...
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CreAMINO® supplementation improves growth performance and lean meat yield of pigs
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Cysticercosis due to Taenia solium is a parasitic disease typically associated with underdevelopment in communities with limited economic resources. In these communities, pigs are raised in primitive conditions. Moreover, people defecate outdoors, live in overcrowded households, and lack sanitary education and adequate environmental health conditions.1,2 Commonly, humans get infected with the intestinal tapeworm by ingesting it in the larval stage (cysticercus) in the meat of...
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Introduction Coronaviruses belong to the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Coronavirinae [1], and are characterized by their large genome, helical nucleocapsids, and unique method of gene expression [2]. The subfamily includes four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and the more recently discovered Deltacoronavirus [3]. Coronaviruses are typically species specific and can infect a variety of birds and mammals [2]. In humans,...
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When Salmonella is present in the gastro intestinal tract (GIT) of pigs, it might contaminate carcasses during the slaughter process, and become a source of food poisoning and bacterial gastro-enteritis in humans. While some natural compounds can limit Salmonella growth in vitro, the challenge for feed additive producers is to render them effective in vivo, while maximizing their potential to improve animal health and performance. Impact of...
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Introduction Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium of great clinical significance, responsible for foodborne zoonotic infections. The human disease is characterized by self-limiting gastroenteritis that occasionally can cause fever, systemic infection, and severe inflammation of the intestinal mucosal epithelium (Haagsma et al., 2008; Pires et al., 2011). ...
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Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), caused by a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus (1–3), was first identified in England in 1971 and later in other countries, such as Belgium, China, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Thailand (4–11). In April of 2013, PED emerged in U.S. swine (12) and was detected in swine herds in 18 U.S. states by the end of October (http://www.aasv.org/pedv /PEDV_weekly_report_103013.pdf), causing considerable economic losses. An isolate of PED virus...
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Introduction Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are a diverse group of pathogens that are characterized by the ability to colonize the small intestine while producing enterotoxins, which induce severe secretory diarrhea [1,2]. ETEC strains are recognized as one of the major causes of dehydrating diarrhea in children in developing countries and as an important causative agent of traveler’s diarrhea [3,4]. ETEC can also cause diarrhea in newborn calves and in...
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