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Swine enteric diseases
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Introduction: The antibiotic resistance of field strains of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae has increased in the last years in Spain as well as in other countries due to the high use of antibiotics for the control of swine dysentery (SD). For this reason, antimicrobial susceptibility tests are becoming essential for an effective control of this disease. Our objective was to study the antibiotic susceptibility of Spanish field strains of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in...
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Introduction: Cystoisospora (syn. Isospora ) suis is a leading cause of diarrheal disease in neonatal piglets and the disease is related to considerable economic losses. The metaphylactic treatment with toltrazuril 3 to 5 days after birth is a common control measure practiced in many countries. Another essential practice is the prevention of neonatal iron deficiency anaemia as piglets are born with small iron reserves (35 to 50 mg) and sow milk contains...
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Introduction Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that was first identified in the United States in May 2013. Epidemiological and controlled experiments have shown that complete feed or feed components can be one of many possible vectors of transmission of PEDV. 1 Previous research has shown that a 2% and 1% mixture of caproic, caprylic, and capric acids can reduce the risk of PEDV in a complete swine diet....
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Introduction Ileitis (proliferative enteropathy of pigs), caused by the obligate intracellular parasite, the bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis, is the most common intestinal infection worldwide, affecting piglets in the rearing and fattening pigs. Arnold et al. (2018) detected a whole group of pathological changes in the small intestine. The disease occurs in four different forms, namely: regional ileitis, intestinal adenomatosis, hemorrhagic enteropathy, necrotic enteritis. It...
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Swine dysentery (SD) caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is a highly contagious disease of grower and finisher pigs. SD causes severe mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, resulting in decreased feed efficiency and increased morbidity. Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is characterized by high mortality in poultry with bloody diarrhea, and sudden death. B. subtilis and B. licheniformis have been identified from the gastrointestinal tract of...
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Cordyceps militaris is a rare and exotic Chinese medicinal mushroom. Cordyceps militaris is widely used as a tonic for vitality and longevity for thousands of years by the Chinese. Cordyceps militaris has been used for a long time as a nutraceutical food in Korea and Japan. Easy-immune contains cordycepin and polysaccharides from Cordyceps as natural immunity booster. The medical potential of the metabolites of Cordyceps militaris has been widely...
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Introduction Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that was first identified in the United States in May 2013. Epidemiological and controlled experiments have shown that complete feed or feed components can be one of many possible vectors of transmission of PEDV. Because of the potential viral spread by feed and ingredients, reduction techniques such as chemical treatments have been used to combat the virus. Many chemical...
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Cordyceps militaris is a rare and exotic Chinese medicinal mushroom. Its chemical composition and pharmacological effects are similar to C ordyceps sinensis . Cordyceps sinensis is widely used as a tonic for vitality and longevity for thousands of years by the Chinese. Cordyceps militaris has also been used in Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Easy-immune contains cordycepin and polysaccharides from Cordyceps as a natural immunity...
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The favorable climate and low initial investment account for the popularity of raising pigs in dirt lots in the southeastern USA. The raising of swine on dirt, however, can pose several problems. One of these problems is that internal parasites (worms) are difficult to control, in particular in lots used over and over for swine. These parasites can cause swine to grow slowly and be unthrifty, and in severe cases can even kill swine. Fortunately, there are various chemical dewormers available...
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1. Introduction Increased recognition of the consequences of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans and animals has led to monitoring and surveillance programs in many countries, often specific to the species being monitored [1]. They range in complexity from highly structured and regulated systems to those that are passive or reactive. Except for a few species of public health interest such as Salmonella spp. [2], current AMR surveillance for bacterial isolates recovered from...
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Introduction Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus is a coronavirus of the alphacoronavirus genus. Identified as a viral agent distinct from transmissible gastroenteritis virus (Wood, 1977) and as a coronavirus (Pensaert and de Bouck, 1978), this virus is responsible for an enteric infection in pigs. Originally identified in England (Wood, 1977), PEDV is now a global pathogen. PEDV was first identified in the United States in 2013 (Stevenson et al., 2013) where it swept through pig...
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Introduction All over the world, E. coli is an important cause of a wide range of diseases in pigs, including postweaning diarrhea (PWD) (Fairbrother et al., 2019). Diarrhea due to E. coli may result in significant economic losses due to morbidity, mortality, decreased weight gain, and cost of treatment, vaccinations and feed supplements. Clinical signs fluctuate with time and regions and may range from mild diarrhea with 1.5 to 2% mortality...
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Introduction
An important work function for the practicing veterinarian is to solve various problems in swine herds. Diagnostics and making a diagnosis are an important part of solving a problem.
The diagnosis is central for describing the problem, identifying the problem and, finally, making a change that will hopefully lead to the problem being solved.
A diagnosis can either be made for individual animals or,...
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Functional amino acid supplementation during disease challenge enhances growth performance and immune status. The present study investigated the effect of duration of adaptation period to a functional amino acid (FAA)-supplemented diet on growth performance and immune status during a subsequent Salmonella challenge in pigs. Thirty-two mixed-sex weanling pigs (8 pigs/treatment; 11.6 ± 0.34 kg initial body weight) received either a basal diet without FAA supplementation...
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Introduction Feed manufacturing equipment has been shown to be a potential source of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) cross contamination. Wet decontamination has been found to be the most effective method for decontaminating the surface of feed mill equipment. However, this is not practical in most current commercial feed production settings. Methods to mitigate the risk of PEDV transmission in feed and feed ingredients have been investigated, including chemical...
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Ileitis is one of the main diseases affecting pig farms. The clinical presentation may be acute - haemorrhagic, chronic or subclinical. The acute form affects animals from 4 to 12 months of age. It presents with profuse and bloody diarrhoea and sudden mortalities of up to 60%. The...
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Piglets face multiple challenges from the early stages of their life, actually since birth, a shocking experience in terms of temperature and change of environmental conditions. Besides that, piglets are born without a functional intestinal barrier and with an immature immune system. The effects of weaning and the stress suffered by young animals during that period is severe and can have big consequences, also on the long term...
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In 2013, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) a serious disease was an outbreak in Taiwan, resulting in a high mortality rate of born piglets. Nowadays, PED has become a common disease in the pig farm, causes sows reproductive problem and bad rearing piglet result. Although the weaning pig mortality rate caused by the repeatedly outbreak of the PED is lower than the first infection, but it still caused 20-30% of the mortality. Also, it causes serious diarrhea in gestation sows and farrowing...
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