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Mycotoxins in swine
Pigs are extremely sensitive to mycotoxins. Both the type and concentration of mycotoxin(s) in the feed, as well as the age and phase of production of the pig, will determine the degree to which the animal is affected. Young pigs and breeding sows/boars are generally the most adversely affected by mycotoxins, but it is important to note that grow-finish pigs can also be adversely affected by these harmful substances.
Even at low levels in feed, mycotoxin contamination reduces pig performance, affects health status and can contribute to increased mortality rates. In addition, irreversible tissue damage can occur, which can compromise performance long after mycotoxins have been removed from the feed.
Mycotoxins are harmful, naturally occurring substances produced by molds and fungi. These fungi commonly grow on feedstuffs and tend to multiply during adverse weather conditions. More than 500 mycotoxins have been identified to date, and this number is steadily increasing. Mycotoxins are invisible, stable and toxic chemical compounds. They are common in the farm environment, surviving in multiple places and on many different types of feed sources.
Don Giesting (Cargill) shared his insights on the different effects of several mycotoxins like DON, Zearalenone, Aflatoxin, Fumonisin and Fusarium, during this Swine It interview with host Laura Greiner....
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What is the impact of Zearalenone on birds? Why are birds less susceptible to ZEA than pigs? Dr. Manuel Contreras (Special Nutrients/Agrimprove) responds to these questions
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In 2022 mycotoxins annual survey, Life Rainbow Biotech randomly collected 342 feed samples of raw materials and feed mills in farms and analyzed. The samples were tested for aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), zearalenone, fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) and deoxynivalenol (DON) by the ELISA Mycotoxin analysis kit. Results: From January to December 2022, the import volume of feed corn was 4,383 thousand tons, and Brazil and Argentina is 32.05% and 31.27%, followed by South Africa...
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1. Introduction Traditionally, beer industry by-product (brewer’s grain) is used as a feedstuff intended for swine in the central region of Argentina. Worldwide, fungal contamination of foods and feeds, with consequent mycotoxin production, is a significant problem. Previous studies performed in Brazil determined the fungal flora as well as the presence of different mycotoxins in brewer’s grain and barley rootlets [1, 2]. Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly carcinogenic and...
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1. Introduction Commercial mixed feeds are a basic element in modern animal production. They contain mixtures of home grown cereals and imported commodities among other ingredients. The use of such ingredients inevitably leads to the contamination of the final mixed feed with fungi [1]. Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites associated with severe toxic effects to vertebrates and produced by important phytopathogenic spoilage fungi including Aspergillus ,...
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Introduction Ergot alkaloids (EA) are a group of compounds produced primarily by fungi of the Claviceps and Epichloë spp. Ergot infection has traditionally been associated with grasses and rye, however when conditions are favourable, other important cereals such as wheat, barley, triticale and oats can become infected. The fungus prefers cool, moist conditions during the flowering phase of the host plant and there is evidence that the incidence is increasing. For example, in a...
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In scientific publications in the 1980s – 1990s you can find information about a spreading of mycotoxins. But since that time cultivars and agricultural technology have changed, methods of grain storage and grain processing have improved due to the overal progress. Between January 2009 and December 2011 Austrian researchers selected 7049 samples of grain on different continents. The samples were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFB), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON),...
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Introduction: Tail necrosis in neonatal piglets was reported in several conventional pig herds in Belgium. The primary cause remains unclear. Mycotoxins are frequently mentioned to be involved, although a causal relationship has not been established yet. This case-control study aimed to investigate the involvement of feed-mycotoxins on the prevalence of tail necrosis in neonatal piglets. Materials and Methods: Ten conventional pig herds with and ten...
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Introduction: Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin with estrogenic effects, swine being the most sensitive animals, particularly gilts which develop vulvovaginitis and enlargement of mammary glands and the reproductive tract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects in gilts that result after consuming 500 µg/kg of ZEA, and the ability of two commercial antimycotoxin agents to reduce the bioavailability of this toxin during a period of 35 days. The...
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Introduction: Fumonisins (FUM) are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium fungi. They represent a serious threat to swine production as this livestock species is the most sensitive to FUM. They have multiple effects in swine; best described is the impact on pulmonary edema diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the negative impact of 50 ppm fumonisins on piglet health and to evaluate a mycotoxin counteracting additive (containing fumonisin...
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Introduction: The use of industry by-products and few other feed ingredients as feedstuff for swine is a regular practice and usually increases animal performances, hence making it more economical. The occurrence of aflatoxin contamination is global, causing severe problems especially in developing countries. Due to the insidious nature of aflatoxin production and the resulting disease states which made diagnosis of aflatoxin difficult; many cases of animal aflatoxicosis...
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Among mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), is one of the most prevalent and occurs worldwide in feed. Virginie Marquis, Toxicology R&D Manager at Phileo by Lesaffre, speaks about how to reduce the risk of DON for health of the livestock
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Introduction Nursery pig diets typically contain highly digestible and expensive ingredients (e.g., animal protein sources) to combat the post-weaning growth lag (Campbell and Dunkin, 1983; Lallès et al., 2004). However, after an initial reduction in growth performance, nursery pigs fed simple, corn-and soybean meal ( SBM )-based diets can achieve body weights not different from pigs fed nursery diets that contain highly digestible ingredients via compensatory growth...
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For the first time it is possible to achieve what the scientific community for a long time theorized as the best method to correctly assess the true exposure of animals to mycotoxins, by detecting them and...
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Hear what Dr. Hilde Van Meirhaeghe, Poultry Consultant at Vetworks, Belgium, has to say about it...
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I. INTRODUCTION Mycotoxin-contaminated feeds are frequently reported to be more toxic for animals than their purified forms, indicating possible interactions with each other or with the micro-organisms in the animal’s gastrointestinal tract (JECFA, 2002) as bacteria (Galarza-Seeber et al, 2016). The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ, where several immuno-regulatory mechanisms simultaneously defend the body (Belkaid & Hand, 2014). Yet, it is also home...
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