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Mycotoxins in swine
Pigs are extremely sensitive to mycotoxins. Both the type and concentration of mycotoxin(s) in the feed, as well as the age and phase of production of the pig, will determine the degree to which the animal is affected. Young pigs and breeding sows/boars are generally the most adversely affected by mycotoxins, but it is important to note that grow-finish pigs can also be adversely affected by these harmful substances.
Even at low levels in feed, mycotoxin contamination reduces pig performance, affects health status and can contribute to increased mortality rates. In addition, irreversible tissue damage can occur, which can compromise performance long after mycotoxins have been removed from the feed.
Mycotoxins are harmful, naturally occurring substances produced by molds and fungi. These fungi commonly grow on feedstuffs and tend to multiply during adverse weather conditions. More than 500 mycotoxins have been identified to date, and this number is steadily increasing. Mycotoxins are invisible, stable and toxic chemical compounds. They are common in the farm environment, surviving in multiple places and on many different types of feed sources.
Several strategies can be adopted to control the growth and development of moulds, and hence reduce their effects on the quality of feeds and feed material, and on animal performance. An important strategy is an appropriate storage, whereby many of the problems can be alleviated if the feeds and feed material are stored in clean and well-ventilated silos. A second way of controlling moulds and any further accumulation of mycotoxins is the use of chemicals, such as mould inhibitors....
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Introduction Globally, the ever-increasing demand for protein consumption (via meat production) in a sustainable manner, requires further reduction of the overall production cost. Feed cost remains key to this. However, variability of raw material costs and the complex load of mycotoxins contamination continue to negatively impact productivity. On top of that, animal health and productivity are affected by a number of other stress...
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Five key learnings have emerged since the launch of the RISE Platform that has relevance for animal producers across the globe. What is truly unique is that the blood spot analysis process is minimally invasive, easy to use and simple to send for analysis. Simply add up a drop of blood from five different individual animals from a population to a special card, let it dry, pop it in an envelope and send it to one of the independent labs for analysis.
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Dr. LIM Hang Chern, Head of Business Development of Rhone MA Holdings Berhad, Malaysia, presents the book: Swine Diseases in Asia, by Dr. Henry HL. TOO. In this publication, Dr. Margarita Trujano participated in writing the chapter "Health problems in pigs related to mycotoxins"....
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The mycotoxin contamination of grain harvested in a single year can differ from the mycotoxin patterns and levels of previous years in the same climatic region. Therefore, buying the newly harvested grain is like a betting game for the producer of animal feeds who has to deal with unknown, 'on-fire' contamination. Our MycoMan range of services allows the risk from the raw materials to the animals to be identified.
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1. Introduction Creatinine (2-amino-1-methyl-2-imidazoline-4-one) is the final metabolism product of creatine in mammals [1], which is excreted exclusively by the kidneys via glomerular filtration and, to a lesser extent, by tubular secretion [2]. Under physiological conditions, its excretion throughout the day is relatively constant, the amount of creatinine produced is proportional to the muscle mass of the individuals [3]. In contrast, urine production depends on the...
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Guilherme Bromfman, NCA Mycotoxin Management Category Manager at Adisseo, underscores the effects of some mycotoxins in the poultry and pig industry and explains how Adisseo can help customers to face mycotoxins challenges, during IPPE 2019...
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Mycotoxin contamination is one of the serious threats to animal feed and human food manufacturing. Mold infection may occur at all stages from field crop planting to post-harvest storage and transportation. Even under good management, mycotoxin contamination caused by mold infection is considered an inevitable problem. In addition, many mycotoxins are not easily removed through processing, they are stable to heat, physical and chemical treatments. More than 500 types of mycotoxin have...
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The average level of total B-trichothecenes (1534 μg/kg) was the highest detected in the past five years and according to our risk assessment presents a medium risk to sensitive animals. Levels of ZEA, BZEA, HT2 and FB1 were low and present a low risk for the animal health and performance. Considering the mycotoxin levels detected and the likelihood of multiple mycotoxins (detected in 34% of samples), there is a greater probability of observing negative...
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Fermentation products of Cordyceps militaris enhance performance and modulate immune response of weaned piglets
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1. Introduction The gut is constantly exposed to potentially harmful contaminants from food or feed, such as mycotoxins [1]. Aflatoxin B1 is a mycotoxin produced by different species of fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus [2]. AFB1 is a potent carcinogen in humans and animals [3] and, for this reason, was classified in Group 1 of human carcinogens on the basis of toxicological data. Aflatoxins can contaminate different commodities such as cereals, nuts, dried...
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Mycotoxin contamination in newly harvested grain is a very important parameter to consider. That grain is used to feed the animals for the whole year, until the next harvest. As the saying goes, “knowing the enemy is half the battle won.” In turn, if we know the level of contamination, we can think about the best use of the wheat: to which animal species it can be fed (avoiding the more sensitive species in cases of high contamination or decreasing the...
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What should we do if we have implemented all 3 of the 4 steps of the Mycotoxin Management Program – Forecast Crop Contamination, Secure Storage and Screen finished feed – and still find a multiple mycotoxin contamination in the feed? What if we do not have any choice in the matter, as animals need to be fed? We can try to avoid feeding such a feed to more sensitive species and age groups, although even low levels of mycotoxins can have negative effects on...
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Mycotoxins are highly toxic secondary metabolic products of moulds. They lead to decreased productivity and profitability in livestock. At Adisseo, we have developed a comprehensive approach to the management of mycotoxins. Our MycoMan range of services allows the mycotoxin risk to be identified and optimal strategies to be developed thanks to the mycotoxin prediction tool, the harvest bulletin, quick or laboratory tests and, finally, our mobile app. Moreover, Adisseo has also developed a...
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Dr. Virginie Marquis, R&D Manager for Toxicology and Safety at Phileo by Lesaffre, explains why symptoms related to mycotoxicosis can occur at toxin concentrations below the regulatory limit, during VIV Asia 2019...
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Based on the results of this survey, the 2020 wheat crop in Poland should not automatically be considered safe for inclusion in finished feed rations for all animal species. Special attention should be paid to the medium-high average concentration of DON (1102 μg/kg), which was found in 71% of the samples with maximum concentration 9800 μg/kg. Average HT-2 and T-2 toxins level according to our risk assessment table present low-medium risk to...
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Corn from the two 2020 harvests was found to have low to medium levels of five mycotoxins: AFB1, FB1, ZEA, DON and NIV (multiple mycotoxin contamination). The possible synergism, or additive effect of mycotoxins, also needs to be considered. Multiple mycotoxins at low to medium levels can have negative effects on animal health, reproduction and performance. Based on the results of this survey, the 2020 Brazilian corn crop should not automatically be...
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1. Introduction Deoxynivalenol (DON), commonly known as vomitoxin, is a potent mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, and its presence in wheat, corn, and barley crops can lead to them being downgraded to livestock feed grade. Pigs, and in particular young piglets, are poorly tolerant to DON contamination. Although extremely high doses of contamination in feed (20 mg/kg feed) will induce vomiting [1,2], swine will tolerate lower-level feed contamination to...
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1. Introduction Broiler chickens and pigs are highly exposed to mycotoxins due to their cereal based diet. These toxins are mainly produced by Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium fungal species. [1]. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most important aflatoxin with regards to potency and occurrence. Poultry are highly sensitive to the hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic effects of AFB1. At lower doses, reductions in growth rate, hatchability, feed efficiency, and immunity occur, which...
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Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by some fungi that are widely present in feedstuffs. They are responsible for considerable losses and adverse effects on animal health and production (Hauschild et al., 2007). Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin (Andretta et al., 2008; Andretta et al., 2010) produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum in corn (Fink-Gremmels and Malekinejad, 2007; Chatopadhyay et al., 2012; Gajecka...
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