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INTRODUCTION The weaning process exposes pigs to a multitude of stressors such as dietary and environmental changes, social stress, and an unpredictable array of pathogens. The combination of these stressors typically results in reduced growth rate and feed intake as well as impaired function and integrity of the gut (Lallès et al., 2004; Pluske, 2013; Li et al., 2019). Further, the immune system of a weaned pig is still undergoing development, increasing their...
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INTRODUCTION Producing food from farmed animals is a large and very complex process that occurs in integrated networks made up of many individual animal producers, supporting businesses (veterinarians, feed suppliers, animal haulers, animal marketers, etc.), and processors (slaughter plants) (1–4). Farmed animal food has many names including Agri-Food systems, food animal value chains, food supply chains, livestock production systems, and others. For simplicity...
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Functional amino acid supplementation during disease challenge enhances growth performance and immune status. The present study investigated the effect of duration of adaptation period to a functional amino acid (FAA)-supplemented diet on growth performance and immune status during a subsequent Salmonella challenge in pigs. Thirty-two mixed-sex weanling pigs (8 pigs/treatment; 11.6 ± 0.34 kg initial body weight) received either a basal diet without FAA supplementation...
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1. Introduction The gut is constantly exposed to potentially harmful contaminants from food or feed, such as mycotoxins [1]. Aflatoxin B1 is a mycotoxin produced by different species of fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus [2]. AFB1 is a potent carcinogen in humans and animals [3] and, for this reason, was classified in Group 1 of human carcinogens on the basis of toxicological data. Aflatoxins can contaminate different commodities such as cereals, nuts, dried...
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1. Introduction Combining different feedstuffs to formulate swine diets is essential for the supply of amino acids (AA), energy, and other nutrients necessary for optimal growth and nutrient utilization and production. While the main goal of diet formulation is meeting nutrient requirements, the impact different feedstuffs have on nutrient utilization (e.g., nitrogen retention) and intestinal physiology (e.g., gut health) of the pig also need to be considered. For instance,...
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Introduction A successful gestation feeding program is one that yields a large, vigorous litter of pigs and a healthy sow equipped with adequate mammary development and body nutrient stores to produce large quantities of milk for the suckling litter. Variations in body size, productivity, and environmental conditions dictate different daily concentrations of nutrients to satisfy the sow’s requirement. Models have been developed for sow nutrient requirements in gestation...
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Introduction The inclusion of crystalline amino acids in swine diets is an effective strategy to not only meet specific nutritional requirements, but also reduce diet cost and environmental impact. Typically, amino acids are expressed in ratio to lysine (Lys) for diet formulation process. Thus, it is important to evaluate essential amino acids in a Lys deficient scenario to appropriately identify the requirement of the essential amino acid of interest. A previous experiment...
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Selecting the Correct Methionine Source – A Key Index for Successful Pig Production
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Introduction Salmonella is a worldwide-distributed pathogen that affects both humans and animals 13 . This microorganism is usually associated with intensive animal production, such as swine, since the confinement of animals facilitates the transmission and persistence of the pathogen in farms. Salmonellosis may cause significant economic losses due to mortality, morbidity, stunted growth, increased feed conversion rates and costs of non-specific...
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From January to now, the manufacturers have been mainly executing the previous vitamin E orders, and the market quotation remains stable at 70 RMB/kg. On February 22,ZMC announced to raise the price to 85RMB/kg which ignited the market.
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All together to support swine production: What solutions are available to substitute zinc oxide?
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It is necessary that animals have a balanced intake of Feed and water.
Intake of water alongwith intake of Feed is an important indicator of the health of the animal.
Pigs and Poultry drink water twice the feed intake. Whereas Cattle drink water four to five times the feed intake. Hence, any deficiency in the feed can be supplemented by nutrients through water.
To improve the efficiency of animal functions, there are a number of nutritional supplements available but...
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Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the genera Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae causes newborn and weaning piglets serious diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality. Moreover, PEDV infection also causes severe perturbations of gut microbiota and reduces probiotic bacterial abundance. Therefore, effective protective products against PEDV infection are needed. In the pig farm, sows are the major economic resource, which runs the...
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Introduction Animal-source feedstuffs are generally superior to plant-source ones for the growth and health of livestock, poultry, and fish (Wu 2018). This is due, in part, to the greater quantity of proteinogenic amino acids (AAs) and higher quality (the ratios and digestibilities of AAs) of the former than the latter. Traditionally, extensive research has focused on AAs that are not synthesized by animal cells and are known as nutritionally essential AAs (EAAs), including...
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1. Introduction The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs would like to see an increased number of pig production chains addressing improved pig welfare. The sustainable pork chain called “De Hoeve” wants to be at the forefront in taking the next step in the area of animal welfare. This step consists of no longer docking the tails of the piglets. Up to now, not docking in conventional pig husbandry increases the risk of tail biting [1,2]. More enrichment, space (low...
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Implications The host DNA in faeces presumably originates from gut cell losses. This development of a non-invasive assessment method is potentially a novel indirect measurement of gut cell losses, although further validation experiments are required. A yeast-inclusion diet significantly reduced pig DNA in faeces and therefore may reduce gut cell losses. Turnover of gut cells contributes to feed efficiency; therefore, assessment of host DNA in faeces could potentially, following...
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1. Introduction Pre-weaning mortality (PWM) is a major economic and productivity challenge for the pig industry. Recent trends for piglets born alive per litter are increasing in the US, while piglets weaned per litter have stayed stable over the past five years [1]; hence, indicating an increasing PWM. PWM is typically greatest during the neonatal phase, or within the first few days after birth in a healthy herd. During this perilous time frame, mortalities may be attributed to...
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1. Introduction Streptococcus suis is considered one of the most important bacterial swine pathogens leading to important economic losses to the porcine industry worldwide. S. suis has been reported globally in both traditional and intensive swine operations [1]. Control is based on an alarming overuse of antimicrobials, leading to a dramatic increase of the risk related to antimicrobial resistance. It is also an agent of disease in humans and considered in most OECD...
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1. Introduction Quercetin, as the foremost representative of flavonols, has been extensively investigated for its beneficial effects on health [1]. With regard to the gastrointestinal tract, quercetin received a lot of attention in treating chronic intestinal inflammation. Different mechanisms, including protection against oxidative stress, preservation of epithelial barrier function, and immunomodulatory properties in the gut, are believed to be involved [2,3]. These biological...
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Selecting the Correct Methionine Source – A Key Index for Successful Pig Production
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1. Introduction Ammonia (NH 3 ) release in livestock buildings originates from the nitrogen content in the urine and feces deposited in pits or on the building floor surfaces with or without bedding material [1]. Currently, NH 3 , together with hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is one of the most critical pollutants for pig production [2–4] because of its direct relationship with animal and workers’ welfare and health [3–6]. Accordingly,...
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1. Introduction Olive (Olea europaea) cultivation plays an important economic and social role in the Mediterranean region. In 2014 more than 1.74, 0.29, and 0.21 million tons of olive oil were produced in Spain, Italy, and Greece, respectively [1]. It is concluded that olive oil extraction produces a high quantity of olive by-products (pulp or cake), which represents a severe environmental problem [2]. Therefore, utilization of these residues in the diets of farm animals...
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