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You may not have heard of the fungus Aspergillus, but the farmers who produce your food are certainly aware of it. Aflatoxin is a toxic, carcinogenic compound produced by some Aspergillus species and found in several agricultural commodities, such as corn, cotton seeds, and nuts. It can also be found in soil, decaying...
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1. Introduction Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus and Penicillium species that can be found as a contaminant of poultry feeds. OTA contamination can occur from cool temperate to tropical regions (Northern and Southern America, Northern and Western Europe, Africa and South Asia) [1]. Dietary contamination by OTA also poses a big risk for animal health and is a food safety concern due to the transfer of this...
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Effects of DON and antidote on pro-inflammatory mRNA expression of broiler
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1. Introduction Aflatoxins are the mycotoxins of the greatest concern to food safety due to their wide distribution in foods and feeds and their high toxicities. Since their discovery, aflatoxins have been associated with liver cancer, with peanut, maize and their derivatives being the main vehicles. Geographically, tropical and subtropical regions are the most affected by aflatoxins as food and feed contaminants and as chemical hazards that contribute greatly to the...
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1. Introduction Fumonisin mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by several Fusarium species such as F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. These mycotoxins are causing a major concern in the United States and global agriculture (Kamle et al., 2019). Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most abundant naturally predominating form of the fumonisins in foods, mainly maize and maize-based products. It is also the most toxicologically important among all other fumonisins and has...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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1. Introduction The last two decades have witnessed a rapid global re-emergence of Fusarium, an important genus of cereal pathogens [1–3], due to climate change [4], edaphic and agro-technical factors [5–7]. These molds have garnered attention from researchers, scholars and legislators because of their deleterious impact in agriculture, trade, health and animal sciences. The most commonly found in temperate areas are F. graminearum and F. moniliforme,...
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INTRODUCTION Aflatoxin Testing in Changing Times: The Context at a Glance As toxic contaminants of very high concern, aflatoxins stand out as a key area of focus in today’s food safety testing arena. The issues surrounding the rising importance of accurate, defensible aflatoxin test results are numerous and complex. Chief among them are a growing public awareness of the health and economic implications of foodborne toxins, the increasing...
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1 INTRODUCTION Camel is a domesticated animal, which is an important resource of food in many countries of the world including the Middle East. The health benefits of camel milk are associated with its antimicrobial (Abdel-Hamid et al., 2016), dislipedemic (Mohammaddin et al., 2018), antidiabetic (Fallah et al., 2020), and anticancer (Abrhaley & Leta, 2018) properties, and its richness of minerals and vitamins (Swelum et al., 2021). Mycotoxins, the metabolites of some...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are among the most important food safety hazards, based on their presence in agricultural commodities and their potential health impacts (Gruber-Dorninger, Jenkins, & Schatzmayr, 2019; Miraglia, De Santis, & Brera, 2008). A recent study confirms the (earlier) FAO estimate of 25% of mycotoxin occurrence being above European Commission and/or Codex threshold limits, while the prevalence of detectable mycotoxins is up to 60%–80% in all food...
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Effects of DON and antidote on pro-inflammatory mRNA expression of broiler
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Fusarium toxins are one of the most common contaminants in poultry diets. Co-occurrence of fumonisins (FUM) and deoxynivalenol (DON), even at a subclinical dose, negatively affects the production performance and intestinal integrity in broiler chickens. Loss of gut integrity can be expected to alter the intestinal microbiota composition. This study evaluated the effects of subclinical doses of combined mycotoxins on the cecal microbiota composition and diversity in broiler chickens. Broiler...
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1. INTRODUCTION Global programs are involved in addressing food and nutrition in the developing countries (WHO 2018). Improving nutrition is undoubtedly a challenging interdisciplinary proposition that involves availability and consumption of nutritious food. Covid-19 pandemic has further exposed the vulnerability of food systems in the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Green revolution was one milestone towards achieving food security when high yielding crop...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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Nancy Collette and Emma Myers from VICAM's technical services team demonstrate Afla-V ONE lateral flow strip test capabilities for total aflatoxin testing in complete feeds.
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1. Introduction Aflatoxins are undoubtedly the most studied mycotoxins in Mozambique, especially aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ). This is due to records of local epidemiological associations between this toxin and hepatic cancer [1], and export restrictions of contaminated groundnuts and maize [2]. There are reports on fumonisins and other toxins [3,4], but these are few compared to the information on AFB 1 . Yet, there is still a need for surveys on...
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1. Introduction Mycelial size is widely regarded as the “golden standard” for mold growth studies [1], regardless of if they are based on radius, diameter, perimeter, or area. However, this approach has some drawbacks: (1) molds do not stop growing if conditions allow; (2) the size does not tell much about the metabolism, especially in the field; (3) in closed systems, the growth in size is limited by the container and the mold takes its shape; (4) the growth in size...
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1. Introduction In Uganda, maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops in terms of production, consumption, and income generation. Because of its relevance, maize was one of the food security crops–and the only cereal–selected by the Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries of Uganda to implement a 5-year, multi-million USD agricultural intervention as part of the Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP) during 2010–2015 (MAAIF, 2010). The...
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Effects of DON and antidote on pro-inflammatory mRNA expression of broiler
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The presence of toxic chemicals in food, particularly in products intended for children’s consumption, is a matter of great concern to consumers and international health authorities 1 . According to the RASFF annual reports of the European Commission, around 45% of the informative notifications issued in recent years were related to the presence of chemical substances such as pesticides, biotoxins, veterinary drugs, food additives, etc. 2 . Among them, mycotoxins...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced naturally by certain filamentous fungi that can be found, usually at low concentrations, in a wide range of food matrices such as cereals, nuts, herbal teas, wine, coffee or species. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Claviceps genus constitute the main mycotoxins producers [1,2]. Mycotoxin exposure via food and feed may produce several adverse health effects, such as carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity,...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi in crops or during storage, transport and processing of food and feed commodities, which pose serious health risks for both humans and animals [1]. The trend of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed has reached alarming levels. According to a report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 25% of global agricultural products are contaminated by mycotoxins each...
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1. Introduction The consumption of natural products, especially those derived from medicinal plants and herbs, is increasing worldwide, as plants have been used since ancient times to prevent or treat maladies in both humans and other animals. These medicinal plants are rich in several compounds with biological activities that are beneficial for consumers, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities [1,2]. These biologically active chemicals...
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In the first half of 2022, Life Rainbow mycotoxin analysis lab collected 161 feed samples of raw materials and feed mills in farms and analyzed. The survey provides essential information on the feed pollution situation of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), zearalenone, fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in Taiwan. All the samples were analyzed using ELISA mycotoxin analysis kit. Results: The results show that 88.8% of feed was contaminated with aflatoxins;...
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Introduction Coffee, due to its physiological effects and organoleptic characteristic is widely consumed as non-alcoholic beverage with high economic impact. Like other crops, coffee beans are also prone to microbial infections during production, processing and storage stages [1, 2]. Prevalence of toxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium spp., on coffee beans has been reported in coffee growing as well as non-growing parts of the world [3, 4]. These fungal infections at favorable...
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