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Feed formulation
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I. INTRODUCTION Modern broilers grow 5 times faster on 40% less feed than they did 60 years ago (Zuidhof et al., 2014). Because high body weight (BW) correlates negatively with reproduction and health (Decuypere et al., 2010), the severity of broiler breeder feed restriction increases every year relative to broiler growth potential. This intensifies competition for feed, resulting in unequal distribution of feed and poor flock uniformity. Achieving and maintaining high flock...
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While the breeding programs of commercial meat chickens select birds with robust legs (Davis, 2015), poor leg strength and reduced locomotion are frequently observed in late stages of growth. We have previously reported that lower egg shell temperatures during early incubation, which delays chick hatch time, increases bone ash (BA) (Muir and Groves, 2017). Observations from our research and the literature (e.g. Ulmer-Franco et al., 2010) suggest that maternal breeder flock age may influence...
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Growth promoting effects of zinc bacitracin, Bacillus-based probiotics and a blend of Yucca and Quillaja saponin in broilers have been well documented (Engberg et al. 2000; Cheeke, 2009; Jeong and Kim, 2014). These in-feed additives are commonly used in broiler diets but their effects at different dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations remain unclear. This study was conducted to study the effect of these additives when added to low and high-protein diets on performance and caecal...
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Introduction Animal production relies on the supply of nutritious feeds supporting high growth, welfare and health of animals and the production of high-quality products in an environmentally sustainable and profitable manner. With feed cost representing 50 to 80% of the total production cost, feed manufacturers have a very important role in the overall economic viability of animal agriculture enterprises. Animal production involves a complex “nutritional supply...
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I. INTRODUCTION NSP refer to a wide variety of polysaccharide molecules of cell walls with varying degrees of water solubility, size and structure. Their physiological functions are defined by whether they are water soluble or insoluble. The amount of soluble and insoluble NSP varies greatly among different ingredients; for example, corn and sorghum contain very low levels of NSP but wheat, rye and triticale contain high amounts of both soluble and insoluble NSP (Choct et al., 2010)....
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1. Introduction It is well known that the major cost in poultry farming is feed, representing 70% of the total production costs [1]. In order to reduce this cost, the research has recently focused on exploring and evaluating new sources of raw materials from agricultural and industrial by-products for use as animal feed. Key benefits of this practice include lower dependence of animal production on human consumed seeds and reduced waste management costs [2]. Around 2.1 million tons...
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1. Introduction The global population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, driving a significant increase in food and feed demand and the urgent need for alternative protein sources [1]. Currently, soybean meal is a crucial protein source in poultry and livestock diets due to its high-quality protein composition. However, sustainability concerns, including deforestation, monocropping, and biodiversity loss, as well as the environmental impacts of conventional crop systems such...
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I. INTRODUCTION Non-therapeutic in-feed usage of antibiotics in animal diets has been implicated in development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, some of which are zoonotic and pathogenic to humans (Stanton, 2013). Based on this fact, the European Union placed a ban on such usage of antibiotics 12 years ago (European commission, 2005; Castanon, 2007). However, the continuous incidence of antibiotic resistance in other regions is fueling the consideration and legislation of a global...
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In this interview, Christian Rabe, Head of Feed Technology at Evonik Animal Nutrition, shares practical insights on key issues like mixing homogeneity, dosing accuracy, and the technological solutions that help feed mills enhance efficiency without compromising quality. ...
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AMINOSys® comprises consulting, hardware and software solutions for micro-ingredient handling and dosing in feed mills. The AMINOSys® range of equipment offers flexible solutions for fully automated direct dosing or for conveying from bulk silos to existing micro-ingredient systems. Comprehensive engineering and commissioning support ensures maximized benefit for the feed mill.
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Every year the marketing age of broilers decreases by an average of 0.75 days for the same performance. This trend is likely to continue in the same direction for the coming years. Nutrition plays a vital role in enabling this improvement. As the feed cost represents an expensive input (~70-80% of broiler production cost), the poultry producer should be aware of the dynamics of the feed in its influence on final product quantity and quality. Formulating feed ideally requires in-depth...
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In previous assays (Macelline et al., 2022), data on egg production rate (EP) and egg mass (EM) of Isa Brown layers from 27 to 33 weeks of age (peak production -PP) and from 42 to 48 weeks of age (Post PP) were used to predict amino acid (AA) requirements by fitting linear broken-line (LBL), and quadratic broken-line (QBL) models. Subsequently, the ideal ratios of Ile, Met + Cys, Thr, Trp, and Val relative to Lys for maximal EM and EP were determined. The current feeding study was...
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I. INTRODUCTION Xylans and cellulose are the predominant fibre-polysaccharides in animal feeds, and xylanases, together with phytases, are the most widely used supplemental microbial enzymes in feeds. Proteinaceous xylanase inhibitors (XI), primarily attributed to three types, Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (TAXI), xylanase inhibiting protein (XIP) and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitors (TLXI), are found in a wide range of plant feedstuffs, particularly cereals grains such as...
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I. AMINO ACIDS: TOWARDS MORE PRECISE FORMULATION Dietary protein reduction in swine or poultry is driven by economic, environmental and societal issues - the three pillars of sustainability. Formulating on the basis of each indispensable amino acid (IAA) instead of a minimum crude protein (CP) level allows a reduction in feed cost, a decreased dependency on imported soybean meal, and a lower pressure on animal health. In addition, the increasing availability of feed grade amino acids...
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Low protein diets are being investigated to reduce feed cost and address health, welfare and environmental concerns associated with feeding meat chickens excess dietary crude protein (CP). Low CP diets supplemented with only essential amino acids (AA) have failed to improve performance to that observed with standard CP diets (Dean et al., 2006). The nonessential amino acid glycine (Gly) is believed to become conditionally limiting as supplementation of Gly and essential AA in low CP diets...
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I. INTRODUCTION Supplementation of amino acids to reduce feather pecking behaviour and improve plumage condition has been previously studied and found to be successful (Savory, 1998, van Hierden et al., 2004). Feather eating behaviour performed by feather pecking birds suggests that feathers (predominately composed of keratin protein) may be consumed as an alternative source of amino acids, if digested. Methionine is an essential amino acid required for egg production and...
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Introduction Aquaculture has become a vital component of global food production, contributing significantly to food security, nutritional requirements, and economic development [4]. In India, aquaculture plays a crucial role in the rural economy, with Indian major carps, particularly Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Catla (Catla catla), being predominant species in freshwater fish culture. Efficient feed management practices are essential for sustainable aquaculture, as feed constitutes...
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Introduction Fish or any animal needs an adequate balanced diet that contains all the required necessary essential nutrients to have optimal growth. These nutrient requirements vary from species to species, sex, age, the environment where it lives, different stages of larval development, and the health status of the species. A minimum of 35 to 45 nutrients is required for marine fish. To have the best optimal growth and reduce pollution in the environment a thorough knowledge of...
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Corn remains the primary energy source in poultry diets. However, not all corn delivers equal nutritional value. Poor grain quality can significantly reduce its Metabolizable Energy (ME) for poultry, affecting both bird performance and production cost. Energy Loss Equation in Poultry Due to Poor-Quality Corn Barbarino and Rostagno (2001) developed an equation to estimate the Metabolizable Energy Lost (MEL) in poultry feed based on corn...
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1. Introduction Over the past few years, extensive studies have demonstrated significant advancements in precision livestock farming. Developing a dynamic and optimized amino acid (AA) supply is advantageous for enhancing feeding efficiency, reducing nitrogen (N) footprint, and minimizing the environmental impact of livestock production [1]. For decades, genetic selective breeding programs have been implemented to promote rapid growth in broilers, particularly in white-feathered...
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